Questions - Admission/Application Essay Example

Criminal Justice Empirical strategies to identify deterrence There are some empirical strategies suitable in the restriction of crimes. Some of the mechanisms that influence crime reduction include imprisonment that eliminates the capacity of the offenders to promise crimes community where they live. Therefore, this can work effectively if the law identifies a small number of offenders who commit high rate crimes and imprison them. The method works in a manner that leads to the occurrence of active criminal activities by the offenders (Tonry, 2011).

Observation can assist in identifying methods suitable to enhance deterrence of crimes. For instance, through observation of how crimes reduce using punitive measures, the laws can make use of punitive punishment. It will serve to keep the people in the community from engaging in criminal activities. Punitive punishment can make the punished individuals not to continue committing additional crimes (Tonry, 2011). Effects of police on crimeThe literature that is critical about the past methods of the police that rely on the maximization of detection and arrests has a basis on empirical research ad arbitrary presuppositions that as just theoretical in nature.

The Kansas City experimental results (Kelling et al., 1974) and the Minneapolis experiment (Sherman & Berk, 1984) propose that there are minimal deterrent effects of police arrests. In addition, according to Weatheritt (1991), an experimental study in Britain shows that even with an increase in foot patrols, there is zero crime reductions. Rapid response, follow-up investigations, and police patrols have also not yielded any results (Clarke & Heal, 1979). Therefore, it is apparent that increasing the number of police and police patrols only serves to increase the number of reported crimes, but not decreasing crimes.

Hotspot policing Hotspot policing refers to the identification and formulation of strategic responses to hotspots with the aim of reducing crimes in the hotspots and surrounding areas. Some of the evaluations on the hotspot policing indicate that this policy does not certainly displace the criminal issues. According to research done by Clarke and Heal (1979) in Jersey City, crimes can reduce in the small hotspots with a chance of not increasing in other areas despite the occurrence of displacement.

The introduction of crime prevention strategies in small high crime areas has an impact of reducing crimes rather than increasing them in the neighboring catchment areas and the target place. The crimes do not entirely depend on the criminals but also on the policing measures and other related security features. Zero tolerance is an approach to policing that can have various interpretations. It includes being strict, and actions concerning minor offences. Effects of sanctions on crimesCriminal sanctions have the potential of eliciting either less repeat offending, no effects on repeat offending or more repeat offending (Weatheritt, 1991).

It is true that the severity of sanctions plays a vital role in the lessening of repeat offending. The use of sanctions is through conviction and sentence leads to a considerable decrease in the crime rates. For instance, capital punishment is extreme though its effecting is not always done since it is substituted with life imprisonment. The usage of capital punishment can assist in the reduction of crimes since mot offenders will retreat whenever they are sure that they will face capital punishment (Sherman and Berk, 1984).

ReferencesClarke, R.V.G. and Heal, K.H., (1979). Police Effectiveness in Dealing with Crime: SomeCurrent British Research. The Police Journal LII(1):24-40.Kelling, G.L., Pate, A.M., Dieckman, D. and Brown, C.E., (1974). The Kansas City PreventivePatrol Experiment: A Summary Report. Washington, D.C.: Police Foundation.Sherman, L.W. and Berk, R.A. (1984). The Specific Deterrent Effects of Arrest for DomesticAssault. American Sociological Review 49(2): 261-272Tonry, M. H. (2011). The Oxford handbook of crime and criminal justice.

Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.Weatheritt, M. (1991). Community Policing: Rhetoric or Reality? New York: Praeger