Health Sciences & Medicine Essays

Even though more than a century has passed after Pasteur’s invention of vaccines, his work is still very much valid and is as essential to public health today as it was in his times. Lister (1893) expressed in his letter to Pasteur that by discovering the microbial origin of infectious diseases, he has raised the curtain.

The protection of an injured knee or a ruptured ACL is made possible through the prevention of further injury as explained by Kozanek, et al. (2011, p. 951). Therefore the protection of Simon’s injured knee in the pre-rehabilitation stage will be done by stopping him from playing. This will be the responsibility of the coach who will instruct the player to stop playing.

Lung cancer results from an abnormality of cell growth in the lungs. It is the most difficult category of cancer to be treated, thus, making it a very life-threatening ailment.  Lung cancer can metastasize to other organs of the body common among them being the brain, adrenal glands, bone, as well as liver.

This theory goes hand in hand with the mitochondrial decline theory. Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the human cells and are by far one of the most important organelles in the cell. Because of its property of handling chemical reactions that involve breaking down molecules make it a source of production for these free radicals.

The pathology in COPD is multisystem. In the pulmonary system, chronic inflammation involving the large and the small airways is attributed to inflammatory cell infiltration and an increase in size and number of mucus-secreting goblet cells. This leads to the production of large amounts of sputum leading to chronic bronchitis.

Obesity is extremely common in the American family, which indicates its relation to genes. According to Kim et. Al. (2003), “hereditary forms of obesity in animals have been used as model organisms to identify genetic factors that may control human obesity” (p. 267) The genetic heritage of obesity is devilishly hard to distinguish the role of environmental and genetic factors.

Image contrast of disparity in various tissues of the body arises as a result of differences in the attenuation of the X-rays in the body. For instance, attenuation of the X-rays is effective within the bone tissues but show lower efficiency in softer body tissues. Being electromagnetic waves, X-rays have a major disadvantage.

Black tea is used for preventing tooth decay. According to several types of research, it has been found out that black tea contains several elements that fight against the rotting of teeth and has no effect on tooth enamel. Black tea contains fluoride which has recognized to be very beneficial for teeth. Fluoride integrates into the crystal lattice of enamel.

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation are two fundamental processes that are required by the organs to meet their various metabolic requirements under a variety of circumstances. As it was discussed, both actions are stimulated by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors and bring about increased or decreased blood flow to the target organs.

Every individual in various countries across the world has the right to access healthcare according to the chapter of fundamental rights from the European Union (Rowland & Garfield, 2000). In addition, every person has the right to benefit from medical services as depicted by conditions that were established by International laws and policies.

The photon starvation artefacts are been minimized by placing the adaptive filtration that can reduce the streak artefacts. However, multidimensional adaptive filtration are been utilized to reduce the noise in projections (Mehran Yazdi 2009). Moreover, techniques that are specialized with high resolutions can be incorporated in a bid to minimize ray aliasing.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are human genes found in chromosome 17(as shown in figure 2) and commonly classified as tumor suppressors because they help in the manufacture of proteins that protect cells from tumors and uncontrolled growth. In normal human cells, BRCA1 and BRCA2 are responsible for the stability of the cell DNA.

This is because; heath insurance in private hospitals is given money on private bases. Therefore, more money is taken into the employment of more people in private health centers to give quality service. On the other hand, workers in private sectors are blamed for being less qualified and inexperienced compared to professionals in the National Health Service.

Extracapsular rupture can easily be seen on clinical examination or the mammography as it leads to alteration in the implant outline (Brown, Silverman, & Berg, 1997). This rupture can happen even after intracapsular rupture and has only been accounted for only 5 to 10 percent of implant failures as they tend to occur after a period of implantation time.

The occurrence of many errors in health settings is believed to be a result of stress. In a situation of high pressure, different people have different responses. In addition, other human factors are highly sensitized during situations of high pressure, especially those factors that have a high impact on cognitive and perceptive functions.

On another viewpoint, Collins & Lapsley (2008) argue that smoking cigarettes increase blood pressure, which strains the need for the heart to get oxygen. Cigarette smoke also has huge amounts of carbon monoxide; an indication of the imbalance of air supply in the heart. Yet again atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, and poor functioning of the heart muscle is resultant of this smoke.

As pointed out earlier, many people are not aware that they have cardiovascular diseases until they suffer from heart attacks. Hence, patients, especially those who already suffered heart attacks, are advised to properly take the medicines prescribed to them and to change their diet and lifestyle choices into a healthy one.

Aliasing artifacts, “image wrap” or “wraparound” is the type of artifact that occurs when tissue-producing signals exceed the prescribed field-of-view in either PE or FE direction as noted by Hendrick (2010, p. 190). Hedrick adds that aliasing occurs when MRI needs the gathering of a distinct number of signals in every course to produce an image.

Even though medications and diets can be of help, these cannot be viewed as a solution, and instead, those affected by obesity have to have a long-term commitment to proper eating habits, increased physical activity, and having regular exercise. There are several causes of obesity, which include the following: overeating, having a diet full of simple carbohydrates.

If a successful CEO of a major corporation was asked whether if the company made an investment of $6M and in one year saw the potential of at least a $700M savings in costs, if that would be of interest, it is quite likely the company president would jump on such an opportunity. Typically, in business, executives are happy if they double their investment in a calendar year.

There is consensus among the health care industry players that health care fraud and abuse is costly not only to the industry but also to the entire society. Fraud and abuse in the industry results in losses estimated to be over one hundred and fifty billion annually, a figure that shows that fraud and abuse wastes about one-tenth of the health care resources.

Murray, Rosen, and Staniland (2010) cited that the mentor has a professional responsibility of facilitating students learning needs, as well as providing the appropriate learning opportunities to help the student meet the required level of proficiency in her practice assessment. As a registered nurse in a busy ward I always enjoy supporting student nurses.

Planning is the key to success in every business operation, and the same case applies to new technologies. Managers execute duties and obligations in accordance with the set plans, as this is the only way to avoid unnecessary failures (Snedden, 2008). The organization will thus be able to tame threats and modify them into opportunities for organizational prosperity.

Cancer is basically the result of the deformation of human body cells. The structural DNA of the body is disturbed through this mechanism. Various awareness campaigns started around the globe so that people would get conscious of this severe illness and take precautionary measures.  In the year 1971, U.S President Nixon announced war against cancer.

The scope of the evaluation determines the choice of the methods of data collection and evaluation. The project concerns itself with the risk factors of chronic diseases. It is critical to address this health problem because it contributes to the disease burden of the people in this area. Chronic diseases consume a lot of recourses in their treatment.

This research design is valid whenever one considers temporarily and the relative risk estimation of the marker that predates the events of CVD. In many situations, it uses matching criteria that are strict in order to have the confounding factors limited. Nevertheless, it fails to give an allowance to the cases of clinical events of CVD.

When policies are formulated and implemented well, then it is easy to realize the set goals. Social policy is welfare-oriented and is concerned with enhancing support to the social poor (Titmuss, 1974: p.141). Note that social policy does not only concern the poor but also other unprivileged, though economically able members of the society like old age, women and children.

The partition can be described as the division of anything into two halves with a clear cut boundary. If we add a solute X (solid or liquid) to a mixture of two immiscible liquids A & B, then the solute will share out itself between the two immiscible liquids in accordance with the Partition Law. The Partition Law can be stated as that a solute. 

Around the world, around 11 percent of people seek treatment for burn injuries and around which death rate is around 300,000 people. (Peck, 2011). According to the American Burn Association, around 4% of the Americans are admitted to the burn center for the medical treatment that sums up to around 450,000 in total receiving different types of burn-related medical treatments.

The major disadvantage of 24-hour recall is that it has to be triangulated with other methods even after conducting multiple recalls. According to Gibney et al (2009 p. 25), the results of a 24-hour recall are mainly reflective and not representative of the sampled individual. This method cannot stand alone and must, therefore, be used together with other methods.

Several manipulation techniques also fall under the category of manual therapy. They include mobilization of joints or soft tissue, manipulation of joints, myofascial release, and massage. Manual therapy tends to have different definitions depending on the specific profession involved. This is so as to clearly outline what is allowed to within the practitioner’s code.

Sanchez and Rocha conclude that neural plasticity and the effects that it can cause at a later stage after its onset. The article also affirms that the diagnosis of somatosensory tinnitus can draw influence from body injuries that can influence condition to occur on the ear ranging from head trauma to neck and shoulder injuries.

It is evident that risk minimization measures can effectively serve their purpose. These measures also aim at reducing the severity and impact of patients using these medicines should any of the adverse reactions take place. Risk management primarily involves making plans and implementation of measures and determining whether or not they are effective.

The same year Van Weemen and Schuurs published on the quantification of human chorionic gonadotropin using horseradish peroxidize as the reporter (Miles & Hales, 1968). Over the years following its discovery, the technique has evolved into a series of test formats such as direct and several “sandwich” variants.

The method can also be of disadvantage due to the appearance of bubbles that are brought about by the transferring of the sample from the membrane and also in the incubation of the sample. Buffer is used in the method. When too much methanol is used in the transfer, the efficiency of the proteins is reduced.

During normal cellular metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced. ROS could function as cytotoxic agents against bacteria or parasites and may induce damage to normal tissue. In this regard, living cells produce and store numerous antioxidant compounds as well as use several enzymes with antioxidant activity such as superoxide.

Another method that can be used instead of the method above is the mutagen analysis method. It involves determining changes in genome organization throughout the cell cycles. Different mutagens are used to identify the effects of every phase, and other eukaryotic cells can correlate this. Meiosis in larger eukaryotic cells can be easily understood in how they operate.

These factors are; age, gender, positive family history of MI, high blood pressure, obesity, lack of physical activity, diabetes, stress, hypertension, increased serum triglycerides, excessive intake of saturated fats, salt, and carbohydrates. Those drugs which are selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and those that are nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory have been shown to increase the risk of reinfarction.

Fast food includes Pizzas, chicken, burger, and taco among others. Nutritionists assert that fast food is often high in calories, cholesterol, and fat (Lynn, 2009). One needs to regulate the consumption of these food components for health reasons. Consumption of more calories than recommended by health experts means that the body will store up the excess calories.

The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) serves as one of the resources for organ donation. OPTN has the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) which contains the name of the candidates waiting for organ donation. OPTN is also responsible for the policies related to procurement and transplantation.

Generally, blood transfusion is conducted to replace the blood loss from a person’s body due to a surgery or a serious injury. This technique is also used when an individual’s body is not capable of producing blood due to illness. A small needle is used to connect an IV line to one of the blood vessels of the recipient, through which the person receives healthy blood.

They are being considered as spiritual principles though is strongly based on evidence and literature. They were first proposed by the Alcoholics Anonymous and was published in one of their books in the year 1939.  Slowly the method was being adopted for other types of programs.

On the contrary, parliament accepted the reforms on the national health system as well as the proposals and recommendations that were made by the government (Stewart 460). Parliament accepted the changes since it believed that the government would give full support in improving the bill. The bill was meant to solve all the issues.

According to Pretlow (2010), childhood obesity is caused by the imbalance between the calorie intake and calories utilized (Pretlow MD 1). Karnik & Kanekar pointed out that “Lack of playtime, little or no physical education at schools, videogames and excessive TV viewing time is proposed as the major cause of the childhood obesity epidemic” (4).

These neurons are normally responsible for an inhibitory and/or excitatory effect on the basal ganglia neurons that control movement; the loss of dopaminergic neurons leads to instability of movement. The resulting classic clinical features in PD include resting tremor, poverty of facial expressions, difficulty initiating and stopping movements (bradykinesia), muscle rigidity, asymmetric onset, and impairment of postural reflexes.

Newton’s Law of Motion can also explain the importance of having headrests on car seats that functions as an important safety feature protecting passengers in the event of a rear-end collision. In the absence of it, when a force hits the rear end of the car an abrupt forward acceleration will occur.

In a 23-year abduction puzzle, Joy White lost her daughter Carlina White after taking her for treatment in the Harlem hospital center in New York. The case remained unsolved until her daughter contacted the authorities in 2011 (Wire Staff 2011). Though not as serious as child theft, baby switching is also a serious problem in hospitals as most health workers are usually busy.

Methylphenidate is the medicine in Concerta. The drug was produced in 1944 for the first time. Methylphenidate was improved in the 1950s and experimented on human beings. It was introduced in the market by Ciba Pharmaceutical Company to treat the effects of other drugs, exhaustion, psychosis, and narcolepsy.

By giving the employees of Sutter Health the necessary tools of business to accomplish their tasks according to the target margins, the organization renewed its competition culture and ownership ensured each department contributed equally to the system quality service dispensation. Hence, in favor of this benchmarking approach, it is my opinion that the system.

Explaining the image using words will be difficult but the impressions of the image will be easy. If a blind patient has cancer, the radiologist will explain that traces of cancer cells are present in the radiologic image. The next step is explaining the effects of cancer cells in the body and possible treatments.