Tones and Tilford Model - Essay Example

HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE Name Course Tutor University City/state Date Abstract The radical and health preventive model by Tones and Tilford plays a significant role in healthcare. The health seeking behaviour of individuals is usually determined by a verity of factors based on the model. Social, political and economic factors determine the health-seeking behaviour as well as the sick role of individuals. There exist various levels of disease prevention which helps in the management of a condition. The levels act as the fundamental mechanisms upon which the delivery of care is based. The three levels focus on health education and present with different policies that aim at promoting efficient delivery of care. Introduction Tones and Tilford presented the radical theory and health prevention model in health promotion. The model designed for looking into the roots of health problems and focuses on the social, economic, political and primary, secondary and tertiary level of prevention aspects. Some of the social factors according to the model include; cultural practices that present with negative impacts on health (Tones and Tilford, 2013: np). Some of these social practices include practices such as female Genital mutilation which is usually practiced in most African countries although, through sensitization, the practice is being phased out (Eldredge et al.,2016:np). Wife inheritance is another social practice that causes adverse impacts on health as it leads to the spread of diseases such as HIV and Aids. The economic factors as stipulated by the model include issues of health seeking behaviour of individuals being affected by the disposal of income. The economic factors are an essential determinant of health as the healthcare service is usually offered at a fee. Poverty affects the health seeking behaviour. It is evident that majority of individuals lack the capacity to afford preventive measures but focus on curative service due to the existence of limits in dealing with problems when and if they arise rather than pre-empting the problem and this may be a more expensive approach of dealing with HealthCare (Kruse and Wistoft, 2008: p.36). Other economic factors include overcrowding in shanties which may lead to the spread of diseases. Based on the health prevention model by Tones and Tilford, the three levels of prevention constitute the primary school which aims at preventing the onset of a disease as well as reducing the incidence. Health education is the key preventive measure in this model .it is concerned with the health behaviour of individuals. It focuses on the activities they undertake while believing that they are healthy. The purpose of health education is to provide people with appropriate health services. It also aims at persuading people to adopt behaviours that are believed to reduce the risks of diseases via the adoption of healthy lifestyles. The objective of the policy in this level is to engineer environmental circumstances so as to prevent diseases.it also facilitates the availability and access to the relevant services while at the same time providing staff training. Secondary prevention focuses on the prevention of the development of existing diseases with the aim of minimizing its effects, severity, and prevalence on an individual. Health education is the critical method in secondary prevention. It is concerned with the behaviour of illness based on the activities undertaken by an individual. Secondary prevention also focuses on the expression of signs and symptoms of the various diseases affecting people with the aim of determining their state and subsequent adoption of favourable measures that are designed to meet the needs of the concerned individuals (Skyler, 2013:p.164). It encourages people to utilize screening services and learn appropriate health self-care coupled to early diagnosis and treatment for most of the amendable conditions so as to persuading individuals to comply with the medical recommendations. The policy based on secondary prevention focuses on ensuring that there are availability and access to the relevant services and the provision of staff training. The tertiary level of prevention according to the Tones and Tilford model of health presentation seeks to prevent the deterioration, relapse, and complication based on diseases and infirmity. The purpose of health education at this level is mostly concerned with the adoption of and relinquishing of the sick role. The aim of tertiary prevention is to persuade individuals to comply with medical treatment including palliative care measures so as to try and adjust to the limitations that might result from the effects of the diseases; it also aims at persuading ill individuals to resume normal behaviour. The policy based on this level of disease prevention focuses on the provision of appropriate services and training to staffs (Halkitis et al., 2012:p.380). The radical and health prevention model has proved to be an efficient model in healthcare as it has helped in the dissemination of care through early detection and in the enhancement of preventive services among individuals. Furthermore, the model has promoted the application of health education at all levels thus enhancing the preventive and curative services in the promotion of health. How the model can be applied to HIV/AIDS The radical and health prevention model by Tones and Tilford can be applied to HIV/AIDS in a variety of ways. It can be used in the primary preventive measures where health education coupled with guidance and counselling can be utilized as the methods of choice. Education the society of the causative agent of the disease and the predisposing factors might help in reducing the spread of the condition. Furthermore, primary prevention might educate individuals on various preventive measures such as the use of the ABCD pneumonic that stands for abstinence where people can be taught on the different preventive actions and strategies. The pneumonic also advocates for partners always to be faithful so as to prevent the spread of diseases or even contracting the virus. Furthermore, the use of a condom is also another preventive measure that can be used to reduce the spread of HIV and Aids. Research has it that the use of condoms is 98-99% effective in the prevention of the transmission of Aids (Schwartländer et al., 2011:p.2031). Early detection of the diseases is another preventive measure that can be utilized in the limiting the transmission of the HIV. Healthcare works can play an essential role in providing patient-friendly services so as to promote the increase in the number of individuals who flock to the VCT centres for counselling and testing. Early screening is a secondary measure that can be used to detect the existence of HIV. Besides, the utilization of pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis helps to prevent the spread of the disease. The use of HIV medications is another important method that can be used to reduce the dissemination of the infection. Eating a balanced diet and maintain fitness also plays an imperative role in preventing the spread of the disease as well as affecting the health of the affected individual. In the application of tertiary preventive measures, rehabilitation of the affected individual might play an essential role in helping the affecting individual adjust to the condition. The use of counselling might also contribute to giving the suffering patient hope to live (Eldredge, 2016: np). The family members should also play a significant role in showing the patient with love and care so as to prevent the issue of neglect that might lead to depression and other complications on the patient. Furthermore, tertiary prevention focuses on providing health education to the patient on issues of leading healthy lives and compliance to pharmacotherapy so as to enable those comfortable lead lives. The radical model by Tones and Tilford can be applied to HIV/AIDS via focusing on the social factors. The high level of poverty can act as the predisposing factor for the diseases. For instance, individuals who live in shanties lack a source of livelihood. Thus young girls prefer engaging in prostitution so as to make ends meets. Besides the use of drug abuse predisposes these individuals to contracting HIV/AIDS as the poor girls and boys lack funds to purchase the hard drugs like cocaine. The only possible method of acquiring the satisfaction that arises from the abuse of the drug (Kolodny, 2015:p.570). Health education can be used to promote wellness in the affected individuals, and the use of medications can also help to alleviate the conditions of those suffering from the condition. Conclusion It is evident that the model by Tones and Tilford play a significant role in the identification and prevention of the disease such as HIV and Aids. The model prevents the various levels of disease-preventing that helps in the alleviation of the conditions of the affected individuals. Furthermore, the social factors based on their radical model also empower healthcare workers to identify the causative agent a given disease. It can act as the basis of instituting preventive measures via offering health education and rehabilitative measures to the affected individuals. The most effective method that can help in reducing the spread of the disease is through primary prevention where healthcare workers employ the ABCD pneumonic to ensure that the patients have adequate Knowledge on the various ways of diseases prevention. Early detection involved the use of testing where the existence of voluntary testing and counselling services are offered for free by the various governments of the world. References Eldredge, L.K.B., Markham, C.M., Kok, G., Ruiter, R.A. and Parcel, G.S., 2016. Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley & Sons. Halkitis, P.N., Kupprat, S.A., Hampton, M.B., Perez‐Figueroa, R., Kingdon, M., Eddy, J.A. and Ompad, D.C., 2012. EVIDENCE FOR A SYNDEMIC IN AGING HIV‐POSITIVE GAY, BISEXUAL, AND OTHER MSM: IMPLICATIONS FOR A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO PREVENTION AND HEALTH CARE. Annals of Anthropological Practice, 36(2), pp.365-386. Kolodny, A., Courtwright, D.T., Hwang, C.S., Kreiner, P., Eadie, J.L., Clark, T.W. and Alexander, G.C., 2015. The prescription opioid and heroin crisis: a public health approach to an epidemic of addiction. Annual review of public health, 36, pp.559-574. Kruse, S. and Wistoft, K., 2008. Complexity of values clarification in health education: a systems theoretical contribution. Cybernetics & Human Knowing, 15(1), pp.29-44. Schwartländer, B., Stover, J., Hallett, T., Atun, R., Avila, C., Gouws, E., Bartos, M., Ghys, P.D., Opuni, M., Barr, D. and Alsallaq, R., 2011. Towards an improved investment approach for an effective response to HIV/AIDS. The Lancet, 377(9782), pp.2031-2041. Skyler, J.S., 2013. Primary and secondary prevention of Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 30(2), pp.161-169. Tones, K., Robinson, Y.K. and Tilford, S., 2013. Health education: effectiveness and efficiency. Springer. Read More