Disasters and the Different Hazard Management Agencies That Combat Them - Essay Example

?SPECIFIC LEAD AGENCY RESPONSIBILITY DISASTERS AND THE DIFFERENT HAZARD MANAGEMENT AGENCIES THAT COMBAT THEM INCIDENT: Marine Oil Spill in the Rockhampton Region on 3rd April, 2010. 1.0 PURPOSE HMA: The main agency concerned was the Maritime Safety Queensland. It is an agency tasked as the Threat Specific Lead Agency in relation to marine oil spills. It functions under the State Disaster Management Arrangements. Related documents: 1- National Marine Oil Spill Plan 2- Queensland Coastal Contingency Action Plan-First Strike Plan Port of Rockhampton. Rationale: The Queensland Coastal Contingency Action Plan (QCCAP) indicates the threat-specific arrangements in order to ensure coordinated and integrated response to oil pollution occurring in State waters. The plan addresses the following issues; 1- Providing accurate and timely reporting of oil pollution incidents; 2-Implementing remedies in order to prevent the spread of the pollution; and implementing interventions to clear and dispose of the pollutants. These plans were established in coordination with the Commonwealth Government authorities and representatives of the oil industry as well as the maritime authorities. These plans help support the program ‘National Plan to Combat Pollution of the Sea by Oil and other Noxious and Hazardous Substances’ (NATPLAN) (Gile, 2009). 4.0 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PLANS 2. INCIDENT: Dam Failure at the Stanwell Water Supply Dam in 2008. HMA: SunWater Corporation Limited. Related document: This is the concerned agency in this case, and is under the authority of the Queensland Government Review of Local Management Rationale: Response activities related to dam failure and its consequences are managed through pertinent emergency action established by the agency. The agency manages bulk water to about 6000 consumers and secures water consultancy to various clients. SunWater is under the ownership and management of the Queensland Government and is designated to operate and maintain 26 dams, 85 weirs, as well as major pumping stations, pipelines, and open channels (Sunwater, n.d). 3. INCIDENT: Influenza pandemic in Queensland HMA: Queensland Health is designated with the responsibility over influenza pandemic incidents Related documents: Queensland’s overall disaster management system is made up of a multi-layered complement of committees as well as coordinated agencies within the local, district, and state levels and in relation to each other, they help deter, answer to, and manage disasters (Foo, 2010). Rationale: Through the Australian Government Minister for Health and Ageing, the appropriate advice is given to the Prime Minister, as well as the state and territory health ministers; the Australian Government Ministers are also advised accordingly. These matters are indicated under the Disaster Management Act 2003 and associated plans. This system is founded on the fact that that local agencies and governments can best function when they can decide the resources they need in order to manage disasters, when they need to be deployed and how they can use the resources in order to decrease the impact of the disaster on the affected population. Where local government units need help, problems can be referred to the higher district levels, and where necessary to the state or even Commonwealth level. Under the state level, the State Disaster Management Group (SDMG) would be the primary authority assigned to manage the disaster (Queensland State Emergency Services, 2012). 4. INCIDENT: Tornado - Murray River Townships on 21st March 2013 HMA: Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria RELATED DOCUMENT: This department was created on the 14th of September 2010 and was set to function as an implementing agency for Australia’s policies on environmental and heritage protection; including the protection of sustainable lifestyle. RATIONALE: This department manages issues relating to the environment, including its protection and the biodiversity preservation. Aspects like air quality, land contamination, fuel quality, meteorology, and the management of the Australian McDonald Islands, and environmental research are also under the concerns of this department. Aspects like water policy, ionospheric prediction, population policy, and the coordination of sustainable communities are also part of the department concerns. Through the federal and state authorities, more commitment was made in terms of emergency financial assistance for individuals devastated by tornadoes. Efforts in recovery were however slowed down by debris; in some areas, recovery was undertaken over trees and other areas where difficulties were encountered (Victorian State Government, 2012). 5. INCIDENT: HAILSTORM in Melbourne on 6 March 2010 HMA: Victoria State Emergency Service (VICSES) Related document: VICSES plays a role in various multi-agency projects, including the control policies and revisions to the State Emergency Response Plan. VICSES also assists in the implementation of the revised emergency warning, command including control arrangements for disasters. Rationale: In July 2009, the VICSES transitioned to the OIMS in July 2009, allowing changes from a paper-based reporting and information management system to a modernized and electronic IT-based system. A main element of the OIMS involves the Incident Management System (IMS) which has been established in order to assist the VICSES in maintaining real-time incident information. The Incident Reporting System (IRS) has also been implemented into the different units to allow reporting on incidents covered and managed. Since the introduction of the IRS, much improvement has been seen in relation to appropriateness of data and reporting (Victoria State Emergency Service, n.d). 6. INCIDENT: Fire at the Barton Solvents chemical distribution facility, Des Moines, Iowa, 29th October 2007 HMA: United States Chemical Safety Board RELATED DOCUMENTS: The Chemical Safety Board is a federal agency independently evaluating incidents involving chemicals. It is based in Washington, D.C with the board members assigned by the President, to be later confirmed or denied by the Senate. RATIONALE: This agency seeks to establish root causes of chemical accidents, mostly relating to lapses in safety management systems. Investigations may reveal the root causes of the accidents, likely involving defects in the management of safety systems. These can also be factors which can be used to prevent accidents if such defects have been detected. Other causes of accidents may involve failures in equipment, failures of personnel, and unexpected chemical reactions, as well as other related hazards. It is not the function of this agency to impose fines, however they do make recommendations to chemical plants and regulatory agencies including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and industry organizations on the prevention of these chemical accidents. This agency was also designed as a non-regulatory and an independent commission managing investigations where necessary, as well as evaluating implementation of and enforcement of regulations (US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, n.d). 7. INCIDENT: Severe Storm in Sydney 2008 HMA: Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority (SMCMA) RELATED DOCUMENTS: The NSW Government recently merged the Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority with the Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment Management Authority in order to promote changes to the regional service delivery policies. It is set for January 2014 that the Local Land Services, a new regionally-based organization will take over the Catchment Management Authorities, Livestock, Health & Pest Authorities; it is also set to include the agricultural services currently secured by the Agriculture NSW. The Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment Management Authority's area of operation now manages all elements previously included by the Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority. RATIONALE: The agency secures background and supporting data on storm water management; It indicates the functions and responsibilities relating to storm water management in New South Wales; It indicates related storm water management services; It specifies the specifics pertaining to levying the charge; It briefly indicates the changes related to planning and storm water management (Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority, n.d). 8. INCIDENT: Category F5 tornado viewed from the southeast as it approached Elie, Manitoba, Canada on 22nd June 2007 HMA: Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada (PSEPC) RELATED DOCUMENTS: The agency Public Safety Canada is an agency working with other federal agencies and local governments in order to support national emergency preparedness, including the planning, training, and managing of lessons learned. These activities carried out before emergencies are coordinated with the government in order to ensure safety and within the community. RATIONALE: Public Safety Canada supports the management of the federal emergency management training via its partnership with the Canada School of the Public Service. It also ensures practical data on emergencies. This program allows for emergency planning and training to the acquisition of specialized tools as it supports projects which improve the state’s emergency responsiveness (national capacity to respond to all types of emergencies) (Public Safety Canada, 2013). 9. INCIDENT: Tsunami at Indian Ocean, 2004 HMA: National Disaster Management Authority RELATED DOCUMENTS: The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is considered an independent agency created for disaster preparedness; it is also tasked with managing various disasters and establishing disaster preparedness policies in the country. RATIONALE: The NDMA ensures and promotes the implementation of national disaster policies within the federal and provisional levels, coordinating with different government agencies, military personnel as well as the United Nation-based agencies to ensure cooperation in disaster management, as well as search and rescue, including other humanitarian activities in the country. It also aims to promote sustainable capacity and competence in its disaster management and humanitarian operations (NDMA, 2013). 10. INCIDENT: Floods at east coast of Australia on 29th January, 2013. HMA: Northern Territory Government Natural Disaster Relief and Recovery Arrangements (NDRRA) RELATED DOCUMENTS: The Natural Disaster Relief and Recovery Arrangements (NDRRA) are both financially supported by the Commonwealth and Territory Government. They were also fashioned to coordinate the cost of relief and assistance, as well as provide assistance to communities in recovering from natural disasters. Natural disasters include cyclones, floods, storms, storm surges, bushfires, landslides, tsunami, meteor strikes, tornadoes or earthquakes. RATIONALE: The territory has established a collaborative effort to answer to the various natural disasters, with government agencies and councils working together to manage community recovery using planned relief and recovery measures. The Commonwealth Government also assists in the process through the recovery program and partial reimbursement program specifically labeled as the Natural Disaster Relief and Recovery Arrangements (NDRRA, n.d). 11. INCIDENT: Bushfire in the Rockhampton Region on August 12, 2011 . HMA: Queensland Fire and Rescue Service (QFRS) Supportive documentation: This is the agency designed as a Threat Specific Lead Agency in managing bushfires based on the State Disaster Management Arrangements. Rationale: Previous experiences with bushfire management in Queensland, as well as NSW and ACT fires established that the QFRS needs to designate state-level command and control system in order to manage bushfires. The State Incident Management Team (SIMT) and the QFRS State Operations Centre are considered the main elements of this system. These interventions indicate a major shift and improvement in bushfire management. It is also important to evaluate these interventions based on a new threat-specific plan founded on the State Disaster Management Plan. As such, these elements are essential in order to guarantee that all aspects of the Disaster Management System are in line with the control resources which will be used during bushfires. The QFRS is securing various improvements in the management of significant bushfire events in Queensland. These interventions include the establishment of a QFRS State Operations Centre to be secured with the State Disaster Coordination Centre and the State Incident Management Teams (SIMT). These groups are to be deployed during major fire incidents in order to secure and improve the command and control of the fire events (Queensland Emergency Services Computer Aided Dispatch, n.d). 12. INCIDENT: The Equine Influenza Outbreak in New South Wales and Queensland during (2007-2008). HMA: Queensland Department of Employment, Economical Development and Innovation (DEEDI) and the Queensland Veterinary Emergency Plan (QLDVETPLAN). Related documents: The above agency is the lead agency for managing emergency animal disease events under the State Disaster Management Arrangements. AUSVETPLAN includes various documents specifying practices and principles in order to help manage various exotic diseases. AFFAVETPLAN specifies policies for the Commonwealth, indicating assistance to the government in addressing animal disease emergencies. The DEED’s plan coordinates with these activities as a resource in securing specialist advice and supporting department conduct in various operations. Rationale: QLDVETPLAN is an element of the State Disaster Management Plan. It indicates policies from the state level on how to address serious emergency animal diseases. It also recommends plans to the District Disaster Management Groups and Local Disaster Management Groups in order to rearrange plans to address the lead agency in emergency animal disease operations. The plan was established in relation to AUSVETPLAN and AFFAVETPLAN (Kuhr & Hauer, 2008). 13. INCIDENT: Landslide in California, 27th March, 2013 HMA: California emergency management agency (CEMA) RELATED DOCUMENTATION: ? California Department of Public Health (CDPH) ? California Geological Survey (CGS) ? California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) ? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ? Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ? United States Geological Survey (USGS) RATIONALE: The California Emergency Management Agency is managed to secure safety and appropriate preparedness in California through the tools of leadership and collaboration with relevant agencies. Its goal is based on public service and ensuring the safety of lives and property by ensuring the preparedness, prevention, response, and recovery from various disasters, threats, and crimes (Imperial Valley News, 2008). 14. INCIDENT: Complex Emergencies-AusAID and the Australian Defence Force coordinate the delivery of relief stores to victims of the floods in Pakistan, 13th August 2010 HMA: Australian civil military Center (ACMC) RELATED DOCUMENT: The Australian Civil-Military Centre is a government agency designed to manage Australia’s responsiveness in their civil-military collaboration in terms of conflict and disaster management abroad. It was originally designated as the Asia Pacific Civil-Military Centre of Excellence, and was officially managed by the Prime Minister, the Hon Kevin Rudd. RATIONALE: This centre collaborates and supports government agencies as well as NGOs, including international partners, such as the UN, in terms of civil-military issues with the goal of securing positive outcomes in the state and the global setting. The centre caters to best practice approaches in the management of civil-military engagement. It is also manned by relevant officials and agencies. It is managed by the Vice Chief of Defense Force Group (Australian Civil Military Centre, n.d). 15. INCIDENT: Shipwreck on Wreck Beach, Moonlight Head, Victoria, 27th February 2010 HMA: Heritage Victoria RELATED DOCUMENTS: Heritage Victoria is the government agency tasked with the administration of historic places in Victoria. Shipwrecks in Victoria waters are protected by relevant laws (Heritage Victoria, n.d). RATIONALE: For inland waters, such as lakes and bays, as in the Port Phillip and Westernport Bays, shipwrecks are administered under the Victorian Heritage Act of 1995. For shipwrecks which outside the bays, they are managed under the Commonwealth Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976. These acts in general are meant to protect shipwrecks and historic shipwreck relics over 75 years old, even where the location of the shipwreck is known or is yet to be known. These two acts also indicate policies for the administration of shipwrecks not yet 75 years old. These would include wrecks from World War II such as the HMAS Goorangai and City of Rayville (Department of Planning and Community Development, 2010). 16. INCIDENT: Transport-The Granville Rail Disaster, 18th January 1977 HMA: Australian Emergency Management Institute RELATED DOCUMENTS: The Australian Emergency Management Institute (AEMI) is considered a centre for excellence in relation to establishment of knowledge and development of skills within the national emergency management sector. RATIONALE: As a part of the Attorney-General’s Department, the above agency manages various activities including education, training, research, community awareness, and professional development mostly in terms of emergency management. It also highlights improvements in the knowledge of emergency response. This department also ensures the development of national security capability (Emergency Management Australia, n.d). 17. INCIDENT: Urban Fire in the White Bay Hotel, Sydney, NSW 2008 HMA: White Bay Powerstation Conservation Management Plan RELATED DOCUMENTS: The White Bay Power Station Conservation Management Plan is based on numerous volumes in a hierarchy. Investigations relating to building fabric, structural conditions, machinery survey inventories, and conservation strategies are indicated in volumes III to V. RATIONALE: The White Bay Power Station is indicates in the Register of the National Estate (019512), the NSW State Heritage Register (01025), Sydney Regional Environment Plan Number 26 (Item 11 on the Heritage Register), the Sydney Harbor Foreshore Authority S.170 Register (Draft) and the Register of the National Trust of Australia (NSW). No major changes on the site have been seen after the 2004 report. The Conservation Management Plan is a major element in the possible future utilization and redevelopment of the place (Sydney Harbor Foreshore Authority, n.d). 18. INCIDENT: Tropical Cyclone Oswald formed in the Gulf of Carpentaria on 21stJanuary 2013. HMA: Queensland State Emergency Service RELATED DOCUMENTS: The SES is an organization recruiting members indicated for the empowerment of people, helping themselves and other people in the same community during disasters or related emergencies. RATIONALE: EMQ indicates the operation and support services for the SES including the establishment of operational policies in order to ensure effective implementation of various functions. Services are indicated by the state headquarters staff members assigned to the Emergency Services Complex in Kedron, Brisbane as well as the Regional and Area Office staff found in different parts of the State (Queensland State Emergency Service, n.d). 19. INCIDENT: Torrent in Brisbane- Gold coast and Sunshine Coast on 27th January 2013. HMA: New South Wales State Emergency Service RELATED DOCUMENTS: The NSW State Emergency Service (SES) is agency designed for emergency and rescue services, mostly rendering community assistance. It is made up mostly of volunteers, units distributed throughout different parts of New South Wales. The units include 10,000 volunteer members, often easily spotted through their distinctive orange overalls. RATIONALE: The SES helps other emergency services units during major rescue operations. Other services include the NSW Police Force, the NSW Rural Fire Service, the Fire and Rescue NSW and the Ambulance Service of NSW (Government of New South Wales, 2011). 20. INCIDENT: Floods in North Bundaberg on 31st January 2013. HMA: Queensland Health RELATED DOCUMENTS: Queensland Health refers to the agency the Government of Queensland tasked with the management of the public health system of Queensland. RATIONALE: Queensland Health was restructured in 2005, whittling down 38 health districts to 20 districts. By September 2008, these districts were further decreased to 15. According to a reports from Queensland Health, nine districts remain unchanged and they include: Central Queensland, Townsville, Mackay, Cairns, Torres Strait, Cape York, Mount Isa, Central West and South West Districts. Six new districts were established, including: Darling Downs-West Moreton including the former Toowoomba and Darling Downs and West Moreton South Burnett districts. Sunshine Coast-Wide Bay incorporating the Sunshine Coast - Cooloola, Wide Bay and Fraser Coast health service districts. Metro South now includes the Southside Health Service District and Princess Alexandra Hospital. Metro North now incorporates the Northside Health Service District and Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital. Children’s Health Services is the overseer in the implementation of national paediatric services (Foo, 2010). 21. INCIDENT: Drought in Australia (August 2012 to March 2013) HMA: Australian government overseas aid program (AusAID) RELATED DOCUMENT: The Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) is the Australian Government agency tasked with overseeing Australia's overseas aid program. RATIONALE: AusAID supports and coordinates Australia's actions relating disasters; it also represents Australia during international development forums. AusAID is very much committed in assessing and managing Australia's aid program, as well as gathering, assessing, and publishing development information and other data. AusAID's head office is in Canberra and the agency includes representatives in 37 Australian diplomatic missions abroad (AusAID, 2011). 22. INCIDENT: Environmental – Heat wave Dec 1895 HMA: Department of Health Western Australia RELATED DOCUMENTS: WA Health is considered Western Australia’s public health system. Its goal is to promote healthier, longer, and improved lives for the general Western Australian population. RATIONALE: Its services include: public hospitals alongside community health services health protection with public health services and disaster preparedness mental health services with in-patient services, crisis control, community treatment, and support services dental health services with school dental health and public community dental services Aboriginal health services (Government of Western Australia, n.d). 23. INCIDENT: Epidemic - H1N1 Pandemic in April 2009 HMA: Towards a safer world (TASW) RELATED DOCUMENTS: Towards a Safer World was assigned as the multi-stakeholder for the management of the UN System Influenza Coordination Office and World Food Programme. Its goal is to specify, distribute, manage lessons, secure good practices, and implement new practices which were set based on the voluminous work carried out by civil society, governments, as well as the private sector in recent years due to the influenza pandemic. The goal of the policy is also to indicate the importance of these practices in terms of preparedness. Pandemic preparedness measures are based on preparedness in terms of emerging infectious diseases, including low-frequency high-impact events, including unpredictable slow-onset disasters. The TASW network has been created in order to manage various readiness practices, communicating and coordinating it with other people and other agencies. RATIONALE: It is based on the United Nations System for Influenza Coordination (UNSIC) and created by various participants of the U.S. Agency for International Development, the World Food Programme, the World Health Organization, World Tourism Organization, and the Food and Agriculture Organization. Towards A Safer World has evaluated what has and what has not been effective during disasters and pandemics since 2005 and is distributing such knowledge to assist professionals and non-disaster experts in the planning, coordinating, and responding to disasters (Towards and Safer World, n.d). 24. INCIDENT: THREDBO LANDSLIDE 1997 HMA: New South Wales State Emergency Services RELATED DOCUMENTS: The NSW State Emergency Service (SES) is established as an emergency and rescue service agency designated to support and assist the community where necessary. It includes 229 units found in New South Wales. The units include about 10,000 volunteers often identified through their orange overalls. RATIONALE: The SES, aside from managing flood and storm operations, also ensures rescue efforts in the remote and rural areas of the state. This would include emergencies like road accident rescue, vertical rescue, bush search and rescue, evidence searches (both metropolitan and rural) and other forms of specialist rescue. Volunteers in a various remote communities are trained to respond as rescuers, mostly as part of the full-time emergency services deployed during major disasters (Government of New South Wales, 2011). 25. INCIDENT: Paralytic Poliomyelitis epidemic in Australia between 1930 and 1960 HMA: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing’s National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). RELATED DOCUMENTS: The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU, n.d) carries out active surveillance for the AFP in relation to the WHO accredited NNDSS, the National Polio Reference Laboratory (NPRL) found at the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL, n.d). The active surveillance system established by the APSU and VIDRL also secures data to the WHO regional office to evaluate the surveillance system in terms of performance indicators. RATIONALE: The possible importation of poliomyelitis in Australia is classified as a public health emergency with single cases already qualified as an outbreak. This would imply immediate activation of a response plan. As a certified polio free region Australia is tasked with: • Securing WHO certification-standard surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis; • Providing access to a WHO-accredited polio reference laboratory; and • Establishing containment of wild polioviruses and VDPVs (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d). References ABC News Online. (2006). Gladstone Harbour oil spill clean-up begins. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-01-25/gladstone-harbour-oil-spill-clean-up-begins/785252 Australian Civil Military Centre (n.d). Home. Retrieved from acmc.gov.au. AusAID (n.d). 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