Type 2 diabetes - Essay Example

?Dear I have edited the work as much as possible to meet the demands of your lecturer. However, I have had to rearrange the ideas to make the work well organised. The approach I used is as follows 1. Introduction 2. Explanation of type 2 diabetes 3. Causes of type 2 diabetes (obesity) i. Causes of obesity (lack of exercise) ii. Causes of obesity (eating habit) 4. Preventing type 2 diabetes I tried getting you to clarify for me whether you wanted me to edit the work and maintain the three pages or you wanted me to add three additional pages but I guess from your instruction that you wanted me to edit the work and maintain the three pages. After the final work, you will find the original work with the places I edited after it. Places I changed are typed in black whereas places I maintained in the original work are in red. Your lecturer would like to see both the final work and the editing you did. This is why I have included both works. When presenting the work to your lecturer, you may indicate this note: Dear sir/madam, I have edited the work to meet the comments you passed. I have rearranged the ideas to make the essay well organised. The approach I used is as follows 1. Introduction 2. Explanation of type 2 diabetes 3. Causes of type 2 diabetes (obesity) i. Causes of obesity (lack of exercise) ii. Causes of obesity (eating habit) 4. Preventing type 2 diabetes After the final work, you will find the original work with your comments and the places I edited. Places I changed are typed in black whereas places I maintained in the original work are in red. Places I did not need to include to have been cancelled. Thank you. ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET For use with online submission of assignments Please complete all of the following details and then make this sheet the first page of each file of your assignment – do not send it as a separate document. Your assignments must be submitted as Microsoft Word, Excel or Powerpoint documents as specified in the Student Assessment Guidelines and assignment specifications in the relevant Unit Information Guide. If you wish to submit in any other file format please discuss this with your lecturer well before the assignment submission date. Student Name: Jessica Barwick Student ID No.: 21871850 Unit Name: Academic Study Skills Unit Code: EDU10440 Tutor’s name: Tracey Buss Assignment No.: 2 Assignment Title: Academic Essay Due date: 21/01/2011 Date submitted: 21/01/2011 Declaration: I have read and understand the Rules relating to Awards (Rule 3.17) as contained in the University Handbook. I understand the penalties that apply for plagiarism and agree to be bound by these rules. Except where appropriately acknowledged, this assignment is my own work, has been expressed in my own words, and has not previously been submitted for assessment in this or another unit. Signed: (please type your name) Jessica Barwick Date: 21/01/2011 500897_final Assignment 2: Monitoring - Essay The rate of people developing type 2 diabetes is soaring in the western world. Type 2 Diabetes in recent times was typically regarded as a disease of the middle-aged and elderly. While it still is true that this age-group sustain a higher risk, evidence shows that diagnoses of this disease in people aged less than 30 years is accelerating and in fact becoming quite common. Even once active children and adolescents are now becoming caught up in the diabetes epidemic. (Dabelea, Hanson, Bennett, Roumain, Knowler, & Pettitt, 1998). King, Aubert, and Herman, (1998) State that in the year 2000 there were approximately 150 million individuals with this disease and studies estimate this to double by 2025. This is an alarming rate and therefore calls for pragmatic action in educating the masses on what the disease is, its causes, the effects of it and how it can be prevented or controlled. This easy there seeks to set the pace in explaining what the Type 2 Diabetes is, its causes and how it can be prevented. However, much of the discussion shall be done on the causes of the disease as good knowledge of the cause of the disease would facilitate its prevention – and prevention we say is better than cure. Also referred to as Diabetes Mellitus or non-insulin dependent diabetes (Web MD, 2011), the Patient UK (2011), a Health Journal explains that Type 2 diabetes “occurs when the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood becomes higher than normal.” Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus results is when the pancreas makes some insulin but is not produced in the amount your body needs and therefore does not work effectively; that is according to (Web MD). Hence in some cases leaving you feeling tired, having increased thirst, blurred vision, leg cramps, increased urine output, and always feeling hungry, however in some case during the development of diabetes there can be no obvious symptoms making is harder to detect (Diabetes Australia 2010). The world health organisation (WHO) stipulate that being overweight or obese is one of the main risk factors for type 2 diabetes and it is estimated that at least half of all cases could be prevented if weight gain could be avoided, they also acknowledge that losing weight can prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes and in people already with this diabetes the risk of complications can be reduced with good control of blood glucose, blood pressure and lipid levels. With obesity being one of the underlying causes there is no wonder that the levels of Diabetes over the world keep surging higher and higher. This is because the insurgence obesity has more to do with lifestyle than heredity and genetics. Fogoros (2002) explains that while genetics do play a role in obesity one thing we can conclude with some certainty is that it is not just our genetics as this does not explain the rapid increase in obesity. Fogoros, (2002) goes on to say the only logical explanation for this rapid fattening of the world is in our lifestyles, and in what we are eating  and these two factors have changed recently. Current lifestyle trend of the Western world has reduced the amount of time spent in exercising the body and the possibility of making time to prepare healthy meals at home. Until recently, even people who did not have time to undertake routine body exercises were assured that the effort they put in their work at office and on the filed could guarantee them the burning of some fats because work was highly manual then. However today, apart from the fact that the need to attend to working duties has taken time from people from undertaking routine body exercises, work at the office and on the field has also become so easy to do that, it requires very little manual strength. This is to blame on the upsurgeance of technological tools. Johnston, (2007) explains the role of body exercises in curbing diseases saying, “Exercise lowers blood pressure, somewhat decreases the levels of total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (the bad cholesterol), and increases the level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (the good cholesterol) These beneficial effects in turn decrease the risk of heart attack, stroke, and coronary artery disease.” Despite this need to exercise, demand from workplace is keeping people on their desks from 7am to 5pm and in some cases beyond that. Such people are also not involved in the usual walking up and down and carrying of files and posting mails because all these can be done by the click of the button. This lack of exercise is indeed an alarming cause of obesity and thus type 2 diabetes. The same issue of work is also to blame for why people are not eating healthy food and are thus growing obsessed and exposing themselves to the risk of type 2 diabetes. There is no doubt that the American diet is not what it once was. We are eating more highly processed foods and more fast foods, most of which are loaded with sugars, fats, and a new culprit - trans-fatty acids. (Fogoros, 2002). This situated has resulted because people hardly find time to prepare their own meals, which could be healthier than what they buy outside. With the current economic times, the role of the mother as the meal provider of the family has been taken away from her. Today, a fast food vendor, whom the family do not know anything about the source of his ingredients and cooking practice has now taken the role as the meal provider of the family. Unfortunately mothers are forced to seek employment and with both parents working and time restraints the conveniences of fast food becomes the easy and inexpensive option. Today, the family is forced to adapt to this new lifestyle in order to meet the high standard of living. Of course owning an automobile, buying computers for the kids and ensuring that they get the best of socialisation is almost mandatory today in Western cultures and there is no way the family can meet these demands without both parents having to work. Buy the poor nature of food bought outside the home is a great source of worry as far as obesity is concerned. While it is clear that a balanced diet and physical activity can greatly reduce the risks of type 2 diabetes, studies are still currently being exercised on the intensity of physical activity that is required to improve insulin levels. While the guidelines currently state moderate intensity 5 days per week, evidence suggests that high intensity activity may have greater benefits to insulin sensitivity (McAuley, Williams, Mann, Goulding, Chisholm, Wilson , Story , McLay , Harper and Jones, 2002, 445-52). While there is some discussion about what a healthy diet may be as better health channel states having a balanced diet with small frequent meals and avoiding large alcohol consumption Type 2 diabetes mellitus can nearly be eliminated. As the epidemic develops over the world, health agencies must take a pro-active approach in stabilizing this disease. The Austrlian Government has taken a pro-active role in addressing the issue of diabetes Type 2 by the introduction of “Television” public announcements to bring attention to people’s lifestyles and furthermore educate individuals of the risks associated with unhealthy food choices. Even though school based educational programs on the benefits of sustaining a healthy life style are crucial, they could be ineffective if the their environment at home does not change and healthy lifestyle is not practiced . While there are many websites available for people diagnosed with this disease, stronger media coverage is needed to prevent the diagnosis in the first instance. As prevention is not a new strategy, but an effect manner in which to address this epidemic worldwide. Prevention is the best option for the world in order to overturn the prediction of medical professionals who have suggested that the generation of people aged 10 to 30 years today will not outlive their parents (Magryta, 2009). While the Diabetes epidemic starts to be recognized by everyone not only healthcare professionals hopefully we all can take on board the effect our lifestyles are having on our bodies. Though the demand of work will continue to prevail, workers must appreciate the need to constantly spare time to exercise their body and eat good food. Regular medical check ups would also alert early signs for onward treatment. People who have also become unfortunate victims of the disease must take their medication serious and constantly talk to their doctors when they experience and changes in their body function. This way, we can all stand tall and say ‘no’ to diabetes in the nearest future. 500897_final REFERENCE LIST A, Wilson N, Story G, McLay RT, Harper MJ, Jones IE. (2002) Intensive lifestyle changes are necessary to improve insulin sensitivity: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 25, 445. Dabelea D, Hanson RL, Bennett PH, Roumain J, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ. (1998) Increasing prevalence of Type II diabetes in American Indian children. Diabetologia 41, 904. Dean HJ, Mundy RL, Moffatt M. (1992) Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Indian children in Manitoba. Canadian Medical Association Journal 147, 52. Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Engelgau MM, Burrows NR, Geiss LS, Valdez R, Beckles GL, Saaddine J, Gregg EW, Williamson DF, Narayan KM. (2000). Type 2 diabetes among North American children and adolescents: an epidemiologic review and a public health perspective. Journal of Pediatrics, 136, 664. http://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/Understanding-Diabetes/What-is-Diabetes/Type-2-Diabetes/ King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. (1998) Global burden of diabetes, 1995 – 2025: prevalence, numerical, estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care. 21, 1414. Magryta, C. J. (2009). School lunches: A strategy to combat childhood obesity. Retrieved December 18, 2010 from http://health.usf.edu/NR/rdonlyres/57DE53AD-CF4A-4CB5-B2DB-147FAF398F88/0/2010pp009012FPHRChristineSpiker2010Formatted.pdf McAuley KA, Williams SM, Mann JI, Goulding A, Chisholm N Engl J Med (2007). Paragraph 2 retrieved from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp068177 Parvez Hossain, M.D., Bisher Kawar, M.D., and Meguid El Nahas, M.D., Ph.D. Published by The National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS) initiative of the Australian Government administered by Diabetes Australia, Retrieved from500897_final Richard N. Fogoros, M.D. (2002) The prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly retrieved January 18, 2011 from http://heartdisease.about.com/bio/Richard-N-Fogoros-M-D-6616.htm Patient UK (2011). Type 2 Diabetes. Retrieved February 10, 2011 from http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Diabetes-Type-2.htm Web MD (2011), Daibetes: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and More, Retrieved February 10,2011 from http://diabetes.webmd.com/guide/type-2-diabetes Johnston, B. D (2007), Benefits of Exercise retrieved on February 10th, 2011 from http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/sec01/ch006/ch006b.html 500897_final Assignment 2: Monitoring - Essay The rate of people developing type 2 diabetes is soaring in the western world. Type 2 Diabetes in recent times was typically regarded as a disease of the middle-aged and elderly. While it still is true that this age-group sustain a higher risk, evidence shows that diagnoses of this disease in people aged less than 30 years is accelerating and in fact becoming quite common. Even once active children and adolescents are now becoming caught up in the diabetes epidemic. (Dabelea, Hanson, Bennett, Roumain, Knowler, & Pettitt, 1998). King, Aubert, and Herman, (1998) State that in the year 2000 there were approximately 150 million individuals with this disease and studies estimate this to double by 2025. This is an alarming rate and therefore calls for pragmatic action in educating the masses on what the disease is, its causes, the effects of it and how it can be prevented or controlled. This easy there seeks to set the pace in explaining what the Type 2 Diabetes is, its causes and how it can be prevented. However, much of the discussion shall be done on the causes of the disease as good knowledge of the cause of the disease would facilitate its prevention – and prevention we say is better than cure. Also referred to as Diabetes Mellitus or non-insulin dependent diabetes (Web MD, 2011), the Patient UK (2011), a Health Journal explains that Type 2 diabetes “occurs when the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood becomes higher than normal.” What is type 2 diabetes? Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus results is when the pancreas makes some insulin but is not produced in the amount your body needs and therefore does not work effectively; that is according to (Web MD). Hence in some cases leaving you feeling tired, having increased thirst, blurred vision, leg cramps, increased urine output, and always feeling hungry, however in some case during the development of diabetes there can be no obvious symptoms making is harder to detect (Diabetes Australia 2010). The world health organisation (WHO) stipulate that being overweight or obese is one of the main risk factors for type 2 diabetes and it is estimated that at least half of all cases could be prevented if weight gain could be avoided, they also acknowledge that losing weight can prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes and in people already with this diabetes the risk of complications can be reduced with good control of blood glucose, blood pressure and lipid levels. With obesity being one of the underlying causes there is no wonder that the levels of Diabetes over the world keep surging higher and higher. This is because the insurgence obesity has more to do with lifestyle than heredity and genetics. Fogoros (2002) explains that while genetics do play a role in obesity one thing we can conclude with some certainty is that it is not just our genetics as this does not explain the rapid increase in obesity. Fogoros, (2002) goes on to say the only logical explanation for this rapid fattening of the world is in our lifestyles, and in what we are eating  and these two factors have changed recently. Current lifestyle trend of the Western world has reduced the amount of time spent in exercising the body and the possibility of making time to prepare healthy meals at home. have sky rocketed. Until recently, even people who did not have time to undertake routine body exercises were assured that the effort they put in their work at office and on the filed could guarantee them the burning of some fats because work was highly manual then. However today, apart from the fact that the need to attend to working duties has taken time from people from undertaking routine body exercises, work at the office and on the field has also become so easy to do that, it requires very little manual strength. This is to blame on the upsurgeance of technological tools. Johnston, (2007) explains the role of body exercises in curbing diseases saying, “Exercise lowers blood pressure, somewhat decreases the levels of total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (the bad cholesterol), and increases the level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (the good cholesterol) These beneficial effects in turn decrease the risk of heart attack, stroke, and coronary artery disease.” Despite this need to exercise, demand from workplace is keeping people on their desks from 7am to 5pm and in some cases beyond that. Such people are also not involved in the usual walking up and down and carrying of files and posting mails because all these can be done by the click of the button. This lack of exercise is indeed an alarming cause of obesity and thus type 2 diabetes. The same issue of work is also to blame for why people are not eating healthy food and are thus growing obsessed and exposing themselves to the risk of type 2 diabetes. There is no doubt that the American diet is not what it once was. We are eating more highly processed foods and more fast foods, most of which are loaded with sugars, fats, and a new culprit - trans-fatty acids. (Fogoros, 2002). This situated has resulted because people hardly find time to prepare their own meals, which could be healthier than what they buy outside. With the current economic times, the role of the mother as the meal provider of the family has been taken away from her. Today, a fast food vendor, whom the family do not know anything about the source of his ingredients and cooking practice has now taken the role as the meal provider of the family. Unfortunately mothers are forced to seek employment and with both parents working and time restraints the conveniences of fast food becomes the easy and inexpensive option. Today, the family is forced to adapt to this new lifestyle in order to meet the high standard of living. Of course owning an automobile, buying computers for the kids and ensuring that they get the best of socialisation is almost mandatory today in Western cultures and there is no way the family can meet these demands without both parents having to work. Buy the poor nature of food bought outside the home is a great source of worry as far as obesity is concerned. and economic Researchers at the University of Washington found that nutrient-rich foods such as fruits and vegetables were far more expensive than sweets and snack foods; this is a major contributor relating to food choices. In the 1980s, Schools became a contributor to the trend also, with the approach of fast food items in the Tuck shop due to financial cutbacks. At the same time, harmless activity outside of school diminished as neighbourhoods became too dangerous to allow children to play unsupervised and increasing numbers of children spent the afternoons indoors until a parent came home from work. Team sports for children became the dominant option, but again with the economic times this is expensive. Entertainment for children consists of Pay TV, video games, and computers, according to studies this is hardly the active lifestyle required to live a healthy life. The increase in technology and improvements to machinery has also made our working lives less physical. As developing countries around the world have been adopting the western lifestyle resulting in decreased physical activity and over consumption of high calorie foods, studies have shown that the rate of obesity has tripled in the last 20 years. (Hossain, Kawar & Nahas, 2007). The western lifestyle now consists of Automation, computers, and satellite TV, and unless we make a specific effort to exercise, it is all too easy and convenient for many of us to live completely sedentary lives. There is no doubt that the American diet isn't what it once was. We are eating more highly processed foods and more fast foods, most of which are loaded with sugars, fats, and a new culprit - trans-fatty acids. (Fogoros, 2002) It is becoming more and more evident that the conveniences of western life are rapidly While it is clear that a balanced diet and physical activity can greatly reduce the risks of type 2 diabetes, studies are still currently being exercised on the intensity of physical activity that is required to improve insulin levels. While the guidelines currently state moderate intensity 5 days per week, evidence suggests that high intensity activity may have greater benefits to insulin sensitivity (McAuley, Williams, Mann, Goulding, Chisholm, Wilson , Story , McLay , Harper and Jones, 2002, 445-52). While there is some discussion about what a healthy diet may be as better health channel states having a balanced diet with small frequent meals and avoiding large alcohol consumption Type 2 diabetes mellitus can nearly be eliminated. As the epidemic develops over the world, health agencies must take a pro-active approach in stabilizing this disease. The Austrlian Government has taken a pro-active role in addressing the issue of diabetes Type 2 by the introduction of Such as using one of the tools that had a helping hand in the obesity/diabetes epidemic “Television” public announcements to bring will bring attention to people’s lifestyles and furthermore educate individuals of the risks associated with unhealthy food choices. Even though school based educational programs on the benefits of sustaining a healthy life style are crucial, they however could be ineffective if the their environment at home does not change and healthy lifestyle is not practiced . While there are many websites available for people diagnosed with this disease, stronger media coverage is needed to prevent the diagnosis in the first instance. As prevention is not a new strategy, but an effect manner in which to address this epidemic worldwide. they do say Prevention is always the best method. Prevention is the best option for the world in order to overturn the prediction of medical professionals who have suggested that If these prevention methods along with others are implemented it may change the opinion of some medical professionals that the generation of people aged 10 to 30 years today will not outlive their parents (Magryta, 2009). While the Diabetes epidemic starts to be recognized by everyone not only healthcare professionals hopefully we all can take on board the effect our lifestyles are having on our bodies. Though the demand of work will continue to prevail, workers must appreciate the need to constantly spare time to exercise their body and eat good food. Regular medical check ups would also alert early signs for onward treatment. People who have also become unfortunate victims of the disease must take their medication serious and constantly talk to their doctors when they experience and changes in their body function. This way, we can all stand tall and say ‘no’ to diabetes in the nearest future. This statement only demonstrates the severity of this problem worldwide. 500897_final REFERENCE LIST A, Wilson N, Story G, McLay RT, Harper MJ, Jones IE. (2002) Intensive lifestyle changes are necessary to improve insulin sensitivity: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 25, 445. Dabelea D, Hanson RL, Bennett PH, Roumain J, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ. (1998) Increasing prevalence of Type II diabetes in American Indian children. Diabetologia 41, 904. Dean HJ, Mundy RL, Moffatt M. (1992) Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Indian children in Manitoba. Canadian Medical Association Journal 147, 52. Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Engelgau MM, Burrows NR, Geiss LS, Valdez R, Beckles GL, Saaddine J, Gregg EW, Williamson DF, Narayan KM. (2000). Type 2 diabetes among North American children and adolescents: an epidemiologic review and a public health perspective. Journal of Pediatrics, 136, 664. http://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/Understanding-Diabetes/What-is-Diabetes/Type-2-Diabetes/ King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. (1998) Global burden of diabetes, 1995 – 2025: prevalence, numerical, estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care. 21, 1414. Magryta, C. J. (2009). School lunches: A strategy to combat childhood obesity. Retrieved December 18, 2010 from http://health.usf.edu/NR/rdonlyres/57DE53AD-CF4A-4CB5-B2DB-147FAF398F88/0/2010pp009012FPHRChristineSpiker2010Formatted.pdf McAuley KA, Williams SM, Mann JI, Goulding A, Chisholm N Engl J Med (2007). Paragraph 2 retrieved from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp068177 Parvez Hossain, M.D., Bisher Kawar, M.D., and Meguid El Nahas, M.D., Ph.D. Published by The National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS) initiative of the Australian Government administered by Diabetes Australia, Retrieved from500897_final Richard N. Fogoros, M.D. (2002) The prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly retrieved January 18, 2011 from http://heartdisease.about.com/bio/Richard-N-Fogoros-M-D-6616.htm Patient UK (2011). Type 2 Diabetes. Retrieved February 10, 2011 from http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Diabetes-Type-2.htm Web MD (2011), Daibetes: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and More, Retrieved February 10,2011 from http://diabetes.webmd.com/guide/type-2-diabetes Johnston, B. D (2007), Benefits of Exercise retrieved on February 10th, 2011 from http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/sec01/ch006/ch006b.html Read More