The Reason for Choosing Type 2 Diabetes - Term Paper Example

 «The Reason for Choosing Type 2 Diabetes» Table of Contents Basis of Public Health 2 Importance/ Relevance 2 Type 2 Diabetes 3 The Reason for Choosing Type 2 Diabetes (Applying Gibbs Cycle Model) 5 Public Health Issues 6 Background 7 United Kingdom 8 Singapore 12 Public Health Related Issue 14 The Policy Guidelines 16 Government Intervention 17 National Service Framework 18 International Literature 19 Public Health Interventions 19 Linking Theory & Practice 20 The Stages of Change 21 Application 22 Conclusion 24 References 25 Basis of Public Health Public health is both an art as well as science of defending and convalescing for the health of communities through endorsement of healthy way of living, research for disease and injury avoidance and education program. Public health program helps in recovering the health related issues and hale and hearty being of people in local as well as across nations. It provides opportunity to people who are less fortunate to attain improved health lifestyle. Public health mechanism is to avoid health problems before they occur (Association of Schools of Public Health, 2010). Importance/ Relevance Public health program is conducted for improving quality of life, helping in reduction and eradication of numerous communicable diseases, worldwide decreasing infant and child death and increasing life expectancy (Association of Schools of Public Health, 2010). Public Health prevents epidemics and the spread of disease, protects against environmental hazards, prevents injuries, promotes and encourages healthy behaviours, responds to disasters and assists communities in recovery, assures the quality and accessibility of health services. Information for the health care is limited and people are not very much aware of the facts that are open and dangerous to the health. Public health policy helps in providing information and fact which are related and can be hazardous to health and prevent them to be used in daily life. It helps in improving the healthy life style by taking preventive steps towards this hazardous element and tries to build a healthy environment to grow healthier. Importance and relevance of public health related study encompasses many spheres of life such as it helps to prevent and manage infectious diseases, encourage attentiveness to protect health, encourage maintaining good health to reduce chronic diseases and disability, make safer and improved places, work mutually to fabricate a healthy world, manage and promote health information, and promote cross-cutting public health research. The public health tries to deal with prevention relatively than curative phase of health. It helps and deals with the national as well as international community as a whole rather than individual level of health issues (Staes, 2010). Type 2 Diabetes The type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease developed due to high level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It is the most common form of diabetes generally found all over the places. When there is diabetes type 2, the human body does not respond properly or correctly to insulin. It resists insulin as liver, muscle cell and fat do not positively respond to insulin. As an effect blood sugar do not go into cells to be restored for power. People who are found to be overweight are commonly attacked by type 2 diabetes as overweight resist insulin, because fat interferes with the body’s capacity to utilise insulin (National Library of Medicine, 2010). The Reason for Choosing Type 2 Diabetes (Applying Gibbs Cycle Model) Type 2 Diabetes is most commonly found in overweight persons. Family generics are vital in developing such disease. Poor diet, surplus body weight (particularly around the waist) and low level of activities cause this disease to occur. There are other risk factors which make the study more interesting. These factors are: it is commonly found in age group beyond 45 years, triglyceride level greater than 250 mg/dl or HDL cholesterol of less than 35 mg/dl, high blood pressure, record of gestational diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome, formerly recognised impaired glucose acceptance by the doctor and also due to ethnicity history. These various factors make it one of the most commonly occurring disease worldwide and prevention and developing curing strategies have become a global need in order to improve and protect public health. Here in lies the reason for selecting this topic. Public Health Issues Type 2 Diabetes has quickly grown as a public health threat. It has become the fastest growing and one of the most serious reasons for health related problems throughout the world. NBC's Robert Bazell had reported from the Naomi Berrie Columbia University, Medical Center, about type2 diabetes affecting the health of Americans (Bazell, 2010). This type2 diabetes occurs partly by obesity. At present, all over the world people are becoming more health conscious and are trying to live a healthy life style. Most of the population are not aware about the health related issues, diet and weight control measures, regular physical activities, medication steps to treat diabetes and prevention course for further complications. People do not go for regular check ups and are not well aware regarding the causes for type 2 diabetes. The increasing trend in building a healthy life style in modern days has increased the scope of the study and also has made type 2 diabetes related study a burning issue. People generally do not want to look overweight and they go for different types of health treatment and medications without prior knowledge of the effects and consequences (Kaplan, & Wagner, 2006). There are still many unanswered questions to the type 2 diabetes. Whether scanning an individual’s genome has values in finding development of diabetes is a very significant finding which can open up lots of avenues for treatment. The preventive measures which can be taken to control diet and weight management, and what will be the effect in future life of the person is a very important study regarding public health (Kuehn, 2008). A person affected by Type 2 Diabetes generally suffers from weight loss due to reasons like increase in urination, and these result in dehydration as a probable reason of weight loss. Furthermore, muscle collapse can occur if sugars are too high, causing an unhealthy weight loss (Dr. Mathur, 2010). Background The genetic and environmental factors are responsible for contribution to the etiologic of type 2 diabetes. The family record of type 2 diabetes indicates an increase in risk for the diseases (University of Washington Staff, 2005). The diagnosis of type 2 diabetes has increased in among the US children and adolescence, particularly in persons who are overweight. Certain research reported that ‘between 8% and 45% of children who've been newly diagnosed with diabetes have been with the form known as type 2’. In reality, it has been calculated that ‘45% to 80% of affected kids have at least one parent with diabetes and may have a significant family history of the disease’. It is also found out that there are certain ethnic groups that are prone to developing this disease like Hispanic, Pacific, African American, and many more. Also kids in teenage years are mostly like to develop the type 2 diabetes than younger kids, mostly because of usual increase in hormone levels that tends to cause insulin resistance during this stage of development in kids (The Nemours Foundation, 2010). United Kingdom In the following section statistical data related to Type 2 Diabetes will be shown. In 2009, the prevalence of diabetes in the adult population across the UK is tabulated below: Country Prevalence Number of people England 5.1% 2,213,138 Northern Ireland 4.5% 65,066 Wales 4.6% 146,173 Scotland 3.9% 209,886 (Diabetes UK, 2010). The figures provide an UK normal dominance of 4 per cent related to the disease. 90% of the people had Type 2 Diabetes. Type 1 and Type 2 for adults in the UK estimate: Type 1 diabetes 10% Type 2 diabetes 90% Including children   Type 1 diabetes 15% Type 2 diabetes 85% (Diabetes UK, 2010). Adults: England occurrence of diabetes by age group in England (2006): Age Men Women 16–24 0.80% 0.90% 25–34 1.20% 1.20% 35–-44 2. 4% 1.20% 45–54 6.00% 3.60% 55–64 8.50% 6.00% 65–74 15.70% 10.40% 75+ 13.50% 10.60% (Diabetes UK, 2010). Adults: In Scotland more men than women have been diagnosed with diabetes. 54.5 per cent of people with diabetes in Scotland are male; 45.5 per cent are female. Distribution of diabetes by age group in Scotland (2008): Age Percentage 15–44 11% 45–64 38% 65–84 46% 85+ 4% (Diabetes UK, 2010). Adults: Wales: Prevalence of diabetes by age group in Wales (2008): Age Percentage 16–24 0% 25–34 1% 35–44 2% 45–54 6% 55–64 9% 65–74 15% 75+ 17% (Diabetes UK, 2010). Adults: Northern Ireland: In a survey in Northern Ireland (2005/2006), 46 per cent of people who had diabetes were men and 54 per cent were women. Age Percentage 16–24 0.50% 25–34 2.80% 35–44 5.60% 45–54 12.40% 55–64 22.60% 65–74 30% 75+ 26% (Diabetes UK, 2010). Total children with diabetes: Age %of Type 1 %of Type 2 % of other 0–4 4% 0% 9.70% 5–9 19.10% 1.80% 10.60% 10–14 42.50% 39.10% 35.60% 15 11.40% 22.00% 14.10% 16 12.20% 21.70% 15.90% 17 10.70% 15.60% 14.10% (Diabetes UK, 2010). Dominance facts for children are restricted but as many as 1,400 children might have Type 2 diabetes in the UK. In 2000, the initial cases of Type 2 diabetes in children were diagnosed in overweight girls aged nine to sixteen of Indian, Pakistani, or Arabic origin. It was primary reported in white teenagers in 2002. In 2004, children of South Asian origin were more than 13 times more probable to have Type 2 diabetes than white children (Diabetes UK, 2010). Singapore (World Health Organization, 2010). From the above chart it is noted that in Singapore 4.8% of people suffer from diabetes. 2% are male and 2.5% are female as per 2004 report (World Health Organization, 2010). WHO global burden of diabetes estimated death number and mortality rate, Singapore, 2004. Sex Cause Death Crude Death Rate AS Death Rate Both Sexes    C. Diabetes (mellitus) 465 10.89 10.29 (World Health Organization, 2010). Country Extrapolated Prevalence Population Estimated Used Singapore 256,111 4,353,893 (Health Grades Inc, 2010). “The diabetes registry grew 32% from 129,183 patients in 2005 to 170,513 patients in 2008, making up 12% to 15% of all patients” (Heng & Et. Al., 2010). About half of the type 2 diabetes patients were aged 45 to 64 years. Females were generally older with a median age of 63 to 64 years vs. 59 to 61 years in males. The Indian ethnic group accounted a disproportionately higher 13% of patients. Over 95% of type 2 patients had at least one diabetes-related complaint; therefore it shows a gloomy scenario (Heng & Et. Al., 2010). Prevalence rate (%) Disease Primary Care Clinics Specialist Outpatient Clinics Diabetes only 2005 2006 2007 2008 2005 2006 2007 2008 7.4 4.7 3.2 1.5 14.5 10 6.5 4.1 (Heng & Et. Al., 2010). (Heng & Et. Al., 2010). Public Health Related Issue The inherited characteristics responsible for the type 2 diabetes and the other environment factors cannot explain the disparities of spread of this disease in different regions of the world. The type 2 diabetes has raised the health issue in a greater extent and a huge number of people get affected by this. Diabetes has been found out to be the most common chronic diseases in adolescent and children. More than 151,000 people are recorded to be affected by diabetes below the 20 years of age. The unhealthy diet and low level of physical activity is attracting this disease to occur at an early age. For recognising such environment factors that lead to diabetes mostly type 2, health care centres and different organisations are carrying research and awareness programs to prevent from such happenings. It has become a global issue and every country is fighting against it. The main objective is to create awareness about diet, healthy living with preventive measures in occurrence of diabetes. It is very tough to detect Type 2 Diabetes in children as it goes undiagnosed for a long period of time. Differentiating between type1 and type 2 Diabetes is difficult and confusing in case of children as the prevalence of the disease might be at a low level (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). Prevention of diabetes in future can be possible and there are potential in current stage to exploit properly the current treatment in order to reduce diabetes complications through appropriate and suitable diabetes education, healthy diet awareness, life style change and knowledge about healthy environment living life. The Policy Guidelines The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has developed a global guideline. People with diabetes should have admittance to cost-effective evidence-based care. There are three levels of care, standard, minimal and comprehensive. Standard care: It relates to evidence-based care, cost-effective in various nations with a healthy industrial service based and with health care financial support structure consuming a major part of the nation’s wealth. Minimal care: For achieving major issues of diabetes management, but with very partial resources in providing health care. (Resources: Drugs, technology, personnel and procedures) Comprehensive care: With considerable resource providing in health care setting care with certain evidence based. The process concerned is generally based on grouping of people together with people with diabetes, health-care professionals from varied disciplines, and persons commencing from non-governmental organisations (International Diabetes Federation, 2005). Government Intervention Due to the increase in death all over because of diabetes type2, made the government to intervene in the issue to take up programmes in preventing this disease and creating awareness in maintaining a healthy life style. The UK government has developed the National Service framework for diabetes, 2001 and National Health Service Improvement plan, 2004 for fighting against diabetes. They have increased investment for the prevention and early detection of diabetes. A program was conducted ‘Self-help’ Expert Patient Education Programme to develop awareness about diabetes (European Commission, 2005). The ‘LATIN_PLAN project’ was executed as an intervention programme at primary healthcare level in Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Ecuador, Uruguay, Colombia, and Venezuela by Latin America. The government intervention should be able to promote and create initiatives in speeding awareness about healthy life style and support communities to prevent from diabetes (International Diabetes Federation, 2010). National Service Framework The government intervention through different programs in preventing diabetes type2 does form a part of National Service Framework. The National Service Framework for Diabetes, UK does not aim to discourage or moderate the effort of healthcare professionals, numerous of whom have publicised immense devotion to improving services for community with diabetes (Diabetes UK, 2008). The government attention towards the issue and contributing towards such programs in prevention of diabetes type2 is a step of utilisation of resources of the nation in creating a healthy living for the people is acceptable to be a part of the National Service Framework. International Literature Public Health Interventions Effective treatments are presently accessible, however the excellence of diabetes concern to human being delivered is suboptimal in cooperation of developing and developed nations. Certain advancement to enhance excellence has been made as a nationwide strategy. These factors require two essentials: ‘translation’ investigation that will set up the methods essential to guarantee that clinical study conclusion that will be delivered successfully in practice settings; and expansion and performance of excellence enhancement process that will consistently follow improvement. New interventions that check diabetes between those at high threat also currently hold a great deal of assurance and require being implemented (JASN, 2003). Linking Theory & Practice The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) is dedicated for achieving the healthiness encouragement and disease anticipation objectives of ‘Healthy People 2000’, a DHHS-led nationwide movement for location precedence areas. This RFA, Type 2 Diabetes in the inhabitants, is linked to the main concern area of diabetes and is a constant disabling situation (NIDDK, 1999). ‘The Common Sense Model’ of illness states to facilitate an individual suffering from disease might perceive a variety of trouble that is relevant simply to that individual. In an effort to build logic of, and react to, this trouble, patients generate their individual critical remark philosophy in relation to their ill health, which then persuade their coping and be concerned with seeking behaviour. It is anticipated that these ill health viewpoint are formulated about in five “core” proportions concerning the control, consequences, timeline (course), identity (perceived symptoms) and cause of the conditions. There are still researches going on together with the current outcomes adjacent control and consistency philosophy in particular comprising implications for indulgent of explicit ill health behaviours in diabetic patients (Searle & Et. Al., 2008). ‘The Trans theoretical Model (TTM)’ provides direction for persons at every stages of willingness for transformation. The incorporated relevance of every mechanism of the TTM be able to assist health care providers adapt behaviour alteration interventions to make best use of successful results for persons with diabetes. The TTM lies on the foundation that individuals are at diverse stages of motivational eagerness for appealing in healthy behaviours and that intercession ways are mainly helpful when they are coordinated to an individual’s existing phase of alteration. The Stages of Change Pre contemplation—not willing to transform to the objective stage of a behaviour (‘e.g., reduce fat intake to Read More