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A very common problem faced by quite a few corporations is related to the Agency Theory which involves conflict between the owners (stockholders) and the management. The Agency Theory states that stockholders push for higher dividends with the intention that managers do not get relaxed and start misusing cash.
Acquisition of International Power in UK by Gaz de France Executive Summary This is a comprehensive report that critically analyses the acquisition and otherwise merger between International Power, a United Kingdom based company and Gaz de France, based in France.
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The change will help the company to improve its liquidity position because it has now more time to pay its creditors and hence it can try to collect its debtors early in order to take advantage of the room between days payable and debtor’s turnover in days.
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The main difference between public and private sectors is management and control. Whereas public sector is controlled and managed by the government, private sector is controlled and managed by private sector and individuals. Many differences emanate from the mode of control and management exhibited in these two forms of business entities.
The products namely as Do-it-yourself and Do-it-for-me are quite famous. The organization is a corporation and listed in New York Stack Exchange (NYSE: HD) and is a constituent of Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA). The company has around more than 2250 retail outlets all over the world such that the company has its presence across 50 states of United States, Canada, Mexico, China, Columbia, Virgin Islands and other countries.
The company has its retail stores across North America, Europe, and Asia. In addition, Tesco is the most leading player in the UK’s grocery market. As stated on the Tesco Plc’s brand licensing website (n.d.), the organisation has noticeably expanded its product lines to several other areas.
All these users are interested in different areas of the information and utilize the information differently. The customers are interested in the company’s financial position since they want to be assured of continuous supply of goods and services. The employees of ProTek Company would be interested in the organization’s cash flow as well as the sound performance of the company.
The managers are required to keep themselves aware of the multidimensional fields in order to achieve the desired results in the aggressive and dynamic business environment. This calls for better understanding and insight of the nature of humans in the current global outlook, plus advancement of fine skills.
The Balanced Scorecard was first developed in the early 1990s to solve organization and business measurement problems, although its use has evolved among companies into more important functionalities. Business and organizational operation environments have increasingly become complex, thus necessitating more complex applications.
Another positive sign for investing is to see the Return on average shareholder’s equity which was about 10.4% in 2010. This is a good number for a large firm that sustained its sales and was able to show positive growth too even after being hit by increasing inflation and reducing consumer consumption.
Business processes are only viable so as long as they are able to fulfill the basic contention behind business activity – making a profit. One of the chief reasons why organizations and businesses have been slow to adopt environmental practices is because the means are often not justified by the ends.
The construction of such a portfolio which has the aforementioned characteristics can be possible through diversification. The most common objective of diversification is “not to put all eggs in the same basket”. Diversification may have different forms. A well-diversified portfolio is one in which all the constituents do not have any relationship with each other.
Direct taxation is levied on the income of people. They pay directly in taxes out of the income they earn. Similarly, indirect taxation is not levied on people’s income. Instead, it is levied on the spending of people. They pay taxes each time they make a purchase. Direct taxes cannot be avoided. Anything that is earned will have to be given to the national exchequer.
However, if the price is increased, then the put option would be left unexercised such that the foreign currency would be sold at the open market price at a higher rate as compared to the price specified in the put option. Assuming that a futures contract is bought, if the price is increased by 1 percent, then it will be known as 100 PIPs i.e. 1/100 (Points in Percentage).
This simply indicates uniformity in the prices of a fixed number of goods and services and exchange rates of two countries. The roots of this theory lie in the law of one price, which says that homogenous goods should have identical prices universally not including any carrying or shipping costs under the prevalence of perfect competition.
As in the case of extra ordinary items, this segregation makes the reported information more useful for analysis. To qualify for treatment as discontinued operations, the assets, results of operations, and investing and financing activities of a business segment must be separable from those of the firm.
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Additionally, this would ensure that governments have the necessary goods and services that are vital for the achievement of social, political and economic developments. One of the major initiatives that have been put in place by developed countries is procurement reform.
Financial Appraisal Name Professor’s Name Institution Date Financial Appraisal A financial appraisal is a term commonly used in finance and accounting and as such, it refers to a method of a financial decision mostly applied in such economic aspects as policies, projects or programs.
Different scholars have different opinions regarding dividend irrelevance and dividend relevance. Some argue that dividend policy will not affect the wealth of the shareholders, whereas some have the opinion that the decisions about dividend policy will affect the shareholder’s wealth and the firm’s valuation.
Pevensey Plc is in the process of evaluating the financial feasibility of a capital expenditure which pertains to the purchasing decision of a machine. The procurement department of the company after careful deliberation and consideration have short listed four machines which are suitable and possess all the required functionalities.
In such situations, one party goes beyond the parameters of moral and ethics creating an ethical problem. If an employee of a company behaves unprofessionally, it puts a negative impact on the overall image of the company. It not only results in the loss of customers’ confidence in the company’s products but also affects the image of the company.
Good monetary policy helps stabilize the prices and curb unemployment. Monetary policies of a country are different from the fiscal policies in a way that, fiscal policies make use of government expenditures and taxation and not interest rates. A monetary policy employed by a country can either be an expansionary monetary policy or ‘contractionary’ monetary policy.
This paper focuses on the practical aspects of financial statements. It is written in three parts. The first part examines the components of the income statement and how they can be applied to everyday life in a business. The second part discusses the benefits that a business manager can get if s/he understand the income statement.
Accounting standards are developed to enhance financial information provided to relevant and interested stakeholders. This information is basically about entities in which different parties are involved and interested. Parties herein refer to individual and group investors, markets and securities analysts, creditors as well as different entities in that regard.
Expiry date and price of the exercise are highly taken into account. The year 1982 saw the initiation of exchange traded foreign exchange options. Specifically, London, Chicago and Philadelphia were the first places where currency options were traded. Futures and options basically characterized the transactions undertaken in the currency options market.
This has led accounting practitioners to look for a way to legitimize the accounting standard setting. The body agreed to resolve upon what will be the nature of these settings (LeRoy, 2007). They said that these settings will give rules on how accountants will conduct themselves, they gave standards that will be used in an accountant's work.
The author states that although a tax form has been simplified, some 40% to 50% of all tax filings have been completed by the tax preparer, of which there are four types, namely: certified public accountants, lawyers, an enrolled agent (someone who passed special examinations given by the Internal Revenue Service) and unenrolled tax preparer.
The author states that the accounting profession has formed its own body that governs the actions of all its members in the conduct of their auditing, accounting, and other services. In this regard, this body is tasked to form its rules and regulations that govern all members in good standing.
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Accounting is one of the basic business functions of an organization. Accountants are responsible for keeping track of the economic activity of the business. The two most important branches of accounting are financial and cost accounting. Financial accounting deals with the recording of financial transactions and determining profits and losses, while the purpose of cost accounting is to analyze, ascertainment and control of cost (Assar, 2011).
Five years before the start of the deflation that escalated in 2001 Argentina was viewed as a model to the rest of Latin America. It experienced economic growth, while inflation was reduced and controlled. However, by 2001 peso was devalued against the dollar, output decreased significantly, the government defaulted on its debt, and inflation returned (IMF 2003, p.3).
Taxation and housing are two crucial areas that reflect the economic performance of a country. Generally, countries with stronger economic background levy comparatively lower tax rates on sales, income, and other transactions. In contrast, developing countries often charge higher taxes in order for meeting their rising fund needs.
Rubinstein (2006) describes that CAPM can also be used to rate securities and compute their risk-adjusted equilibrium price. For this purpose, the CAPM has to be initially converted into price variables; and this model is useful to compare alternative projects under uncertainty and hence to choose the most potential option (ibid).
The primary task of any enterprise is to maximize the wealth of its shareholders. So taking the right decision at right time is one of the key roles of any company. It is required for the profitability and sustainability of the company.
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It is implied that after opening up the economy the gross domestic product of China has grown gradually and is also at a fast pace. At this pace at the end of the year 2010, China become the second-largest economy in the world after the United States. Before the year, the economy of Japan was the second-largest economy.
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The world of accounting is subject to change. The accounting professionals used to conduct research to make the process of accounting more robust. The accounting process needs to be a perfect one as all the stakeholders of the company are depending on the financial statements produced by the company accountants.
It is from the revenue collected through taxation that the state of Arizona uses to provide all the required public goods and services. There are different types of taxes employed within the State of Arizona in order to collect revenue. Such taxes include income, sales, and property taxes (Fso.arizona.edu).
The laundry supervisor may be affected by the way the budget was prepared and presented to her. This budget may cause some serious changes in the apparent behavior of the laundry supervisor as she is not happy and satisfied with the way she has been held responsible for every cost of the laundry department.
The stock exchange is a form of exchange that is intended to provide services to the stock traders and brokers who basically deal with not just stocks, but bonds and many other securities. The stock market has so many roles that it plays and the various roles are of utmost importance as a primary market and a secondary market in the development of the economy.
The author of the following paper states that the management of McDonald’s has never faced a problem that is too difficult for them or one they cannot solve. They are diligent people who know the job they are doing and they try to tackle all the problems keeping in mind their core-competencies and skills.
As Rahn (2003) points out, in the place of the 80 cents one had to pay for each euro in 2009, presently, one has to pay 1.24 dollars per euro. While some scholars argue that a further fall is in the pipeline, a rational assumption is that as dollar already reached its minimum, its value is likely to improve in the coming years.
Some elements of the policy guidelines are similar for both the banking and the securities and investment companies, while some vary considerably. The variations are highly attributable to the nature of the financial instruments each of the two entities primarily trades. For level one financial instrument, disclosure and determination of fair value vary, as does for the other two levels.
LOLR is a crisis management strategy financed by the central bank’s money. One case that relates to central banks’ role as lender of last resort is in the manner that the recent financial crisis was dealt with by many nations. The recent financial crisis started in mid 2007 and ended in 2008.
To achieve this they must follow the laid down guidelines and practices in financial management. A review of the 2010 budget projection is completed and analysed in regards to the suggestion put forth. Effective financial management practices for Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Annual budgeting One of the commendable financial management practices is annual budgeting that can be seen through the trend in the Hospitals annual budgets from 2007.
Changes in corporate governance can occur in various distinct ways which include election of a new board of directors by shareholders, changes in the company’s ownership through merger and acquisition among other factors etc (Minow and Monks 2011). The announcement of a change in corporate governance can have an effect on the performance of the company and as such this paper shall carry out an event study to determine the effect of the announcement of a merger between Inbev and Anheuser Busch which was made on 11th June 2008 on the share price of the Inbev Busch.
This element of management aims at determining the objectives of businesses in maximizing profits. Essentially this element involves utilization of financial resources within an organization. Financial management plays an essential role in making investment decisions within profit-making organizations.
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The Model Audit Rule is a collection of rules that govern the performance of the audit process. The introduction of these rules has both negative and positive effects on the companies under audit. The auditors should carry out the audit process keenly to avoid the chances of adverse effects of the implementation of this rule.
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The Model Audit Rule is designed with several reforms for the elimination of conflicting interests and strengthening internal controls of companies on financial reporting. The design of the Model Audit Rule takes to restoring confidence in security markets and customers as well as protecting investor interests (2010 Model Audit Rule Practice Note Subcommittee).
It was in the year 2008, during the global recession; J. P. Morgan Chase acquired Bear Stearns. Bear Stearns was ranked fifth amongst all American investment banks at the time of its downfall (Source Watch, n.d.). Improper financial risk management was the centre of the reason for its downfall.
Regulation and supervision in the financial sector is one of the most studied and evaluated elements. In the past years, the world has witnessed several issues and problems related to lax regulation and supervision in the financial arena.
Nonetheless, the financial resources that are available for the projects are more likely to be limited. As a result, the management has to evaluate the project’s viability in order to determine the best project to invest in. Through the use of investment appraisal techniques, a company is able to decide the whether or not a project is viable to undertake (Needles, Powers, & Crosson, 2011).