Finance & Accounting Essays

It is essential to state that banks, as well as other financial intermediaries, function in capital markets, which perform the significant duties of coordinating the actions of borrowers and savers, along with facilitating investment. This is vital to any developed or developing economy (FRBSF, 2001).

Accounting Theory: British Petroleum Oil Split in Mexican Gulf 2010 Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 1. Introduction 3 2. The Case 3 2.1. Case Study 3 2.2. Data 4 2.3. Methodology 5 3. Findings 5 4. Conclusion 7 References 9 1. Introduction With the intention to decode the operations of businesses and their consequences, various accounting theories have been brought into use (Elsbach, 2000).

As a part of socially responsible behaviour, companies are mandatorily required to make environmental disclosures. These include all kinds of revelation concerning the company and its interaction with its environment. This includes energy consumptions, the natural environment, human and community involvement and product safety standards.

I have chosen the Royal bank of Scotland (RBS) Company. RBS group is considered one of the largest banking and financial services companies in the world. It has its headquarter in Edinburgh, UK (RBS, 2013). The company is listed in the London stock exchange and enriched with the sustainability report.

By starting with the financial goals worksheet, it is now clearly illustrated how much savings I must apportion monthly to take care of the long term, intermediate long term and short term goals. I included the house mortgage payments as short term goals because we pay about $2000 per month for it and it takes a lot from our monthly income.

The project involves a brief introduction of the case of Lorient Enterprises; describes how Lorient can hedge its foreign currency transaction exposure and describes the merits and demerits of using both types of derivatives instruments. The study provides evaluation of the constructed hedges and the effect of inflation rates in France relative to U.S. on the hedging decision of the company.

Lease facilitates the lessee's right to use and gain the benefits of fixed asset property to conduct business (Mirza and Holt, 2011). Lease treatment in financial statements is accounted for under International Accounting Standards – IAS 17. Recent standards are Exposure Draft ED/2010/9 Leases, and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

. Accounting is the means to identify elements of sales, expenditure and profit as well as budgets, inventory and forecasts. Thus it is a method of achieving accountability as it monitors and accounts for every financial transaction and thus keeps a check on fraud, embezzlement and suspicious acts within the firm.

The first answer looks at a comparison between the statutes regarding drunk driving in the states of Michigan and California and observes their commonalities as well as differences. The second answer consists of a bluebook citation of a case in Roe v. Wade and looks at the cases that followed it and preceded it.

Team teaching by native and non-native teaching teams has successfully been implemented in such nations as Japan, Thailand, and China. Team teaching by mixed teams fosters a genuine need for students to communicate through the target language and that it enhances the professional development of teachers and promotes innovative teaching.

The hard theory presumes that employees are lazy naturally and are only interested in pursuing their self-interest. Correction and coercion must be applied to make employees perform according to the entity’s expectations. Café Co used much of the hard model approach to managing its employees before the review.

Yorkshire Tourism. The primary goal of this research project is to enhance the tourism sector in Yorkshire and improve its position as a leading tourist destination within England. Recent investments into the sector by the local government are projected to increase the number of tourists beyond the national average.

n the beginning, prehistoric technologies such as arrows and clubs were essential for helping to hunt down prey and survive. As history progressed on, we started developing different kinds of technology to help us in all different aspects of our lives from transportation to communication.

The study focuses on the performance of Morrison’s and Tesco companies for 2008 and 2009. Morrison’s is one of the top Grocery Chains in the United KingdoThe financial statement analysis centers on the four groups of ratios. The four groups are Turnover, Solvency, Profitability, and Liquidity.

The accounting and financial statement of the firm provides the information which speaks about the performance and changes in the financial position of a company. This accounting and financial statements are useful to a wide range of users and helps in making economic decision

The court found Tennessee Valley Authority as being a racial discriminator and that Dunlap had undergone discrimination under both the disparate treatment and the disparate impact analysis. However, there was insufficient evidence to prove disparate impact analysis.

Ismail Irtuk in his paper in 2003 presents a debate on the choice between Governance or Financialization in the case of Turkey which experienced a financial crisis in 2001. The country was a developing economy and the International Monetary Fund implemented neo-liberal economic reforms in Turkey from the beginning of the 1980s.

The ‘Sovereign Debt Crisis’ is serious havoc in the securities’ global markets, which makes it difficult for universal “European Monetary Union” associates, to fund their budgets (Viana 2). Matters involving liability crises have in recent years been reported globally, as the level of the sovereign arrears of some of the financial schemes of the world has risen, giving them a threat of failure to pay.

Against this background, it has been recommended that it is safe for investors to invest in this company given that there are positive indications of positive growth which lowers the chances of risk in the event of unprecedented forces impacting negatively on the economy. According to the World Book Encyclopaedia (2008), a stock is a right to ownership in a corporation. 

As an accountant, my ethical philosophy is based on serving the needs of the clients, while at all times comply with the generally accepted accounting principles. For me, honesty and trust are important qualities that I will use in my interaction with clients or other accountants working in an accounting department.

The third observation is that comparative advantage theory fails to put into consideration the non-traded goods and this omission is particularly relevant to a country that experiences a resource boom. The understanding is that export prices of natural resources are higher than production costs by the amount of resource rent.

Financial reporting is a legal requirement of a company. It shows the financial state of a company and helps in giving a clear picture of its financial affairs. There are many external users of the financial statements of a company but the company itself can also use financial statements to judge and compare its own performance against the performance of other companies.

Tax incentives for charities actually reduce the amount of tax revenue for government, which, the government uses for social projects. There are some rules by IRS; one must abide by them if one wants to acquire the tax benefit of charitable donations. Some examples of people in the world who made huge charitable contributions are Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, and Oprah Winfrey.

This entire process has multiple loopholes, for instance, the uncertainty that is prevailing when it comes to estimating future cash flows of that investment opportunity is high enough to put this technique under scrutiny. The next loophole is regarding the discount rate that is used to reach the present value of a cash flow.

The reserves of the company can be put to a lot of uses of the company. The reserves of the company can be used for expansion. The reserves can further be put into other operative activities of the company. To satisfy the existing shareholders the company may distribute higher dividends to them (Dodge, 1997, p.241).

The assets include accounts receivable. Accounts receivable asset represents the amounts owed by the creditors. Sometimes companies sell their product on account. This means the company delivers their products to the customers. In turn, the customers promise to pay their debts after several days or months.

Sir Adrian Cadbury highlighted the principle of corporate governance as the equilibrium between economic and social goals; between individual and communal objectives. The UK corporate system can be regarded as a three-party system (comprising directors, shareholders, and auditors) that is principle-based rather than rule-based.

If the continuously changing climate across the world has been impacting sustainable development worldwide, especially from a business perspective, then globalization is the parallel process created by human beings that has been continuously creating opportunities for sustainable development to developed, developing as well as underdeveloped countries

Then we have the Regional Taxes which consist of land tax and assets tax. Taxation is a large and vital aspect of life in Russia and so is success in tax management. In lieu of this, the tax optimization schemes were created to maximize tax profit while reducing tax related court battles.

The fundamental aspects were the losers and winners, same treatment to all stakeholders, the divergence of interest amongst the shareholders, the quality of the management in both firms, the obligatory strategy and values to operate the BAE and EADs including the accountability of the managers among others (Suder, 2011; p. 353).

The author states that the introduction phase of the new gaming console must involve costs related to Research and Development of the new design and features. These costs may be high but since the overall life and profitability of the new console depend on research and planning, there is a need to incur them with special attention.

Under the system of Bretton Woods, for instance, exchange rates were fixed at levels determined by the government. Since then, however, rates are determined by people selling and buying currencies in the foreign exchange markets. The history of the pound sterling/USD shows that the rate did not change at all between 1949 and 1966.

Transaction costs are the main issues related to financial intermediary. This is because transaction cost reduces the profit margin. The transaction cost increases whenever an individual or corporate raises funds from the financial intermediaries (Chandra, 2011, p.32).

The procedure of using fictitious accounting transactions which are generally prevented by the GAAP (Generally accepted accounting principles) is known as fraud accounting. The most common forms of fraudulent activities include 1) reporting fictitious revenues 2) understating liabilities and expenses 3) improper valuation of assets and liabilities (Klapproth, 2011).

To begin with the movie Inside Job is one that has been well written and produced. The major reason that leads to this conclusion is the fact that there was enough background research that was done before the production of the movie. This research ensured that the content of the documentary was insightful, thought-out and succinct and this could be discerned from the presentation of the ideas about the crisis.

This paper is a summary of four journal articles dealing with the topic of corporate ownership, goals and governance. The first journal is by Connelly Brian et al titled “Ownership as a form as Corporate governance”. The second journal is by Sundaram Anant and Inkpen Andrew titled “Corporate goal revisited”.  The third journal is by Fombrun Charles titled “Corporate Governance”. 

The author states that the actual cause of the corporate failure lies with the enormous oversupply that could be attributed to excessively optimistic projections of Internet growth. The stock market value of the firms in the telecommunication industry plunged and people at the WorldCom’s helm of affairs intervened in the accounting practices.

Instead, overheads are placed in a single pool and allocated based on volume-related allocation bases such as machine hours in this case. This means that products are sometimes charged for resources they never use. This has resulted in distortions in the cost of both models and has led management to make decisions to discontinue products based on erroneous figures.

The operation efficiency of the firm in realizing sales during the two periods did not change. Consequently, there was no deterioration of the inventory turnover ratio from 2009 to 2010 as reflected by the computation above. Similarly, from the recent financial results of the firm covering 2011 and 2012, the entity has maintained the same turnover ratio.

The bad financial conditions provided room for too much lending and credit standards. These large financial institutions also lacked national supervisors who did their work properly and had those who absconded their responsibilities.  These people charged with designing, implementing, and reforming financial policies facilitated the crisis further.

In the early 60s, the economy of Indonesia deteriorated drastically as a result of huge political instability embedded with a young and inexperienced government and economic nationalism that marked severe poverty and hunger. The economy was further in chaos with high inflation, negative investments, poor infrastructure, and crumbling infrastructures.

A pension plan is an important benefit that is to be offered by a company to its employees. Coca-Cola and Pepsi Co are the two global competitors but have done well in ensuring that the employees of the company get full benefits from the pension arrangements of the company through their processes of offering benefits may differ.

The researcher has made use of secondary sources of information to collect information required for analysis and has conducted descriptive and statistical analyses. The results obtained do not exactly match the findings from the literature. OLS method is used to test four hypotheses based on the factors affecting leverage ratio or debt-to-equity ratio using 40 companies from each of the five sectors.

The author of this paper will give information and advice on what the first-year undergraduates should expect to spend their money on when they arrive at the university and a rough estimate of these costs. Additionally, the coursework will highlight the sources of finance that are available to students.

aterials [1], variable cost related to labor and fixed costs such as rent and depreciation of property plant and equipment. The ratio is calculated by dividing the sales revenue by the gross profit. If we analyze the gross profit margin trend of the company it appears that there is marginal change in the percentage over the prior two financial years.

In an organization, the manager is charged with the responsibility of seeing to it that the organization relies upon the accounting information provided to make appropriate decisions. Any donor who is willing to donate money to any enterprise should and always ask for the accounting documents of that particular enterprise.

To make these organization practices efficient, labor laws have tightened legislations that protect creditors and investors from frauds. Most cases of fraud are conducted in the accounts department where auditors and top management provide wrong financial statements to investors which may lead to loss of investors’ funds and assets investments.

ASOS is a global fashion company that deals with 20-somethings. The company specializes in selling more than sixty-five thousand products. ASOS provides an avenue where people exchange ideas and carry out business. The company's performance was higher than the industry average figures. It covers the key performance indicators.

The ratio is also dependent on the organizations’ value of assets and possibly a higher value of assets at Baxter than at Becton could explain this (Jagels, 2006). More prominence is therefore given to the EPS, gross profit rate, and profit margin ratio and the paper concludes that Baxter has better profitability indicators than Becton. 

The recent past has seen a period faced with identity crisis regarding whether practitioners need to follow the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, popularly abbreviated as GAAP or the International Financial Reporting Standards popularly abbreviated as IASB (International Accounting Standards Board, 2006).