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The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is one of the most popular tools in finance which is used to determine a theoretically required rate of return of an asset if that asset is added to an already well-diversified portfolio, given the asset's non-diversifiable risk.
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A reduction in the general availability of loans is known as a “credit crunch.” Its occurrence is related to the onset of economic recession when the prices of previously valuable assets start to collapse. Banks perceive a greater risk and tighten the conditions required for obtaining a loan, thus dropping the overall number of approved loaners.
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The author states that modern financial institutions are very complex as they increasingly offer fee-based financial services and relatively new financial instruments and this has led to the creation of a number of new risks. Essentially the riskier the bank’s business, the more capital it should hold to be able to cover future fiscal losses.
First, the notion of inflation targeting is introduced, then there is the literature review of inflation targeting as well as unfavorable shocks that make influence the policy. The conclusion is as whether inflation targeting has proved to be a successful strategy in many industrialized countries or that it was only due to the fact that central banks have not been hit by strong unfavorable shocks.
BOC states in its 2005 annual report that it has finished the work to comply with one new set of requirements, the Combined Code on Corporate Governance, and is forthcoming on the other two, namely switching to International Financial Reporting Standards (IRFS) and meeting the provisions of the US Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
The common law system is a proponent of equity and as such, the protection granted to by trusts acknowledged that there are always competing views on the matter and all have their strengths and weaknesses and as such it continuously progresses in time. These developments in trust laws provide a gateway for an honorable control over the trustees.
A Closed–economy is the economy that limits trade with the outside world thus relying wholly on its own resource. In a model under a closed–economy macroeconomic, some of the assets are taxed and there is an evaluation of the long run and short run implication of a change in the expected inflation.
You must let your profits run and cut your losses quickly if you are to have any chance of being successful. Trading discipline is not a sufficient condition to make money in the markets, but it is a necessary condition. If you do not practice highly disciplined trading, you will not make money over the long term.
IFRS 7, also known as the Financial Instruments is a disclosure that consolidates and expands the existing number of disclosure requirements, to which the also add further challenging disclosures. Thus recently new developments towards these financial instruments were developed, based on/or as a replacement of IAS 32.
Price momentum can be described as a phenomenon whereby the price of a stock gains ‘momentum’ due to an under or over calculation associated with ‘news’ associated with a stock. It represents the ‘surprises’ that are all true sudden for example sudden news about expected losses that a firm booked can lead to price momentum in a downward shift.
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The auditor is to adapt to the challenges and the fast-changing environment of the public sector. Audit must bring innovations into the management of the public sector together with the support of the already existing effective programs in combination with control and governing of all financial information and activity of the state public sector.
Debt factoring and debt subordination are two important mechanisms that present solutions to cash-strapped companies. While the very idea of them would have been rejected and not allowed by the financial governing bodies decades before, these two alternatives have become generally accepted globally.
Modern innovations in Information and Communication Technologies have enabled banks to widen their range of financial services. Financial institutions deal with millions of different currencies on a daily bases. The profit from these services differs according to a number of some factors such as the volume and nature of the service provided.
AT&T is recognized as the leading worldwide provider of IP-based communication services and equipments to businesses and the leading U.S. provider of wire and wireless, high speed Internet access, local and long distance voice, and directory publishing and advertising services
This implication of the CAPM has been contested by a number of researchers. For example, provide evidence contrary to the above. They find that low beta stocks earn a higher return on average and high beta stocks earn a lower return on average. This indicates that there should be other variables that account for the return on an asset.
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In the UK, ethical banks provide a range of banking services that include current accounts, credit cards, personal loans, mortgages, deposits, and business accounts as well as insurance services such as car, home, life, and health insurance. The major banks that set their firms apart as ethical banks are Triodos, Co-operative Bank, and Reliance Bank.
The market multiple analysis is another way of valuing stocks, in which market-determined multiple is applied to net income, sales, book value, or subscribers. For example, if a company’s forecasted EPS is $10, and the average price per share to EPS (P/E ratio) is for similar companies is 15, then the estimated stock price per share is $150.
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The case study of the impact of financial crisis on Honda car manufacturers is considered in terms of how the firm defines its core areas, evaluates its business methodologies and management philosophies, and conducts its diagnosis of management especially during a financial crisis which the world is facing now.
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The cy-pres doctrine is this regard was very narrow until the Charities Act 1960 and was available only where it was impossible or impractical to carry out the purposes of the trust. Thus, trusts for the distribution of loaves of bread to the poor or stocking for poor maidservants continued until modern times.
The proportion of debt and equity employed by the company to finance its functioning has a large implication for the value of the stockholders. The expected returns of the shareholders and the risk being faced by the creditors of the company are influenced by the leverage of the company which in turn depends on the capital structure of the firm.
I have taken up advanced level courses in financial economics at IIT Bombay and management of technology at the University of Cambridge. However, I strongly felt the need to have a deeper understanding of mathematics as well to understand the analytical processes decision making. I took up advanced levels of math courses.
Management wealth, it is argued, is a function of changes in share prices (via stocks and stock options), and changes in cash bonuses (via compensation plans). Ordinarily, managers are predicted to have greater incentives to lobby for accounting standards that lead to increases in reported earnings and thereby management wealth.
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The Government of UK is accountable to implement appropriate laws in line with the directives (in addition to the evolution of audit laws & regulations in line with domestic industry requirements) and the Audit Practices Board is accountable to modify the audit & ethical standards as per the new laws.
The study tries to bring to light the whole regulation and the functioning of the Bank and the way it deals with various economic pressures. Any government has the power to regulate the economy of the country and not only does it regulate the economy, it has a vital role to ensure that the economic condition remains stable.
It's pointed out that there should be no doubt in anybody’s mind on the power of compounding, but you are well served to know the traps which exist. If you get into debt, you negate this great power, indeed the money which was supposed to come to you will go to your debtors. Sooner you can start the better off you are.
The market price also functions as an indicator of the level of performance of the company. The market price of the company’s stock is a function of the quantum of cash flows from the investment in its stock, the timing of such cash flow and the risk associated with the realization of the cash flow.
The development of the new system with the particular requirements of the organization in mind, the developers of the AIS must not only design the output of the planned AIS, but also its inputs, the processing of information design, developing the storage design for the system and then the final report for the processing of information.
Financial reports preparation and presentation assumes utmost importance for a business organization especially for one in the public sector, whose stakeholders are more curious and concerned about the financial and profitability position of the firm. Financial Reporting is not a casual and simple process.
They say that accounting is the language of business. A German investor would be ably informed of how the United States company Kentucky Fried Chicken or any other enterprise has performed in terms of generating profits. The accounting language has its own set of technical words that a person studying basic accounting would easily understand.
To support such changes, companies have altered their management accounting practices to adapt to the ever changing environment. There is sufficient research done by the authors discussed in this work, to support such a statement.
It is wise to establish what your company can afford to spend at one time with the lowest possible profit margins. If and when a market has been established, one can then increase and base all budgets on the outgoing sales and profits. It can sometimes be a matter of what type of initial loss one is willing to take or what is affordable rather.
Equity markets remain likely as the more competitive, inexpensive and highly liquid source of capital funds for publicly-traded corporations all across the globe. What with the many and diverse interests of investors trading on publicly-held corporate securities and accepting the risk factor of holding shares of stock; in exchange for the potential of capital gains.
To have trouble-free and more efficient ways of deciding which financial strategies to implement, various applications have been created and are available for companies. These applications help mitigate risks that the companies face when choosing the right strategies. We are now in the information age.
The author of this paper gives tables with data as answers on the exercises and questions on Financial Analysis.The author does exercise on expanded accounting equation, balance sheet preparation, income statement preparation, cash flow computations, retained earnings computations, cash flow classifications.
Environmental changes which have taken place after a plan has been made, and actual achievements during the recent past, are taken into account during budgeting. Control, coordination, and feedback are the 3 primary advantages of such an elaborate budgeting system. The budget serves as a kind of navigation tool.
Roles have evolved from reporters to those of finance and investment planners and advisors. The job opportunities for accountants in all types of public and private sector organizations continue to grow. Accountants are strategic providers of financial information on the basis of which decisions are taken.
The study gives a very good idea about the capital and optimal capital structure and its implementations. Firms are made to create surplus; it is possible to finance the firm entirely by total equity but due to the fear of bankruptcy most firms include different types of capital to finance the Corporation. Common stocks preferred stocks, and debt is the three most often used types of debts.
The author states that fixed cost is that cost that does not change significantly with the change in the level of activity. Examples of fixed costs include interest expense, salaries and expenses of the employees or executives, and insurance protection. Variable cost is the cost that cost which changes with the change in the level of activity.
The largest bankruptcy in history marked the existence of fraudulent accounting procedures by Enron and Arthur Andersen in 2001. The once blue chip stock ended up to be valued for small meager amounts
Despite the statement of principle assisting in the preparation of the accounting standards,they are also used by preparers and auditors who are faced with new or emerging accounting issues in order to assist them to carry out initial analysis of the issue involved
By using clustering, we can assign one salesman to concentrate on one cluster of prospects because these customers have the same hobbies, needs and the like. In hierarchical cluster analysis, the entire population under statistical study the cases are grouped based on their similarities. Distance between each member of the population is also used as a basis in cluster analysis.
If I were a member of the town council or a citizen, I would want the expenses categorized as government services, sewer services and miscellaneous to be broken down and reported in detail in the financial statements, and then thoroughly audited. The opinion of an independent auditor on the proper accounting and documentation of the spending of the town’s resources would be critically valuable.
The financial statements come from the audit clients accounting department. The external auditor’s sole responsibility job is only to prepare his or her opinion on the fairness of the clients' financial statements. The external auditors must pas the chartered accountant's exam in order be permitted by United Kingdom law to get new audit clients.
Definition of success varies from person to person, depending upon the circumstances and the ambitions. In my opinion, long term success means recognition as an expert in the field in which I’m passionate about. I am a budding youth with dreams in my eyes, lots of hope and determination to do something constructive for the society in general.
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For most firms, investment is an essential component of the operations. Its financial facet is an intriguing part that is both simple and complex. Capital budgeting is considered as a primary activity when it comes to investments. It is believed that the value of the investment is determined by such a process.
This industry includes the commercial banks and building societies dealing with the transmission of money, loans, mortgages, pensions, insurance, trade finance, stocks and shares and a wide range of other investment and lending services amongst others. The financial services industry employs about 6 million people and accounted for 8.3% of the GDP.
The author states that a developing country that plans to achieve economic success will require stability during this slightly slow time in the world economy. Although Hong Kong has seen massive economic success as well, Singapore’s success is characterized by extremely low inflation and a low unemployment rate.
The company plan is not directly linked to company profits but it is linked to company profitability which enables the employees to gain indirectly from the added value. The company is adopting the Economic Value Theory (EVT ) to reward executives. In the past, this theory was used to assess business and investment strategy.
It is important for an employee to realise that he/she should be aware of her job description along with lists of the designated authorities to whom he/she is responsible.It is significant to evaluate the capacity of your designation,which shall be verified against the standard classification of employed or self-employed,"it is important to know whether you are working for that person in an employed capacity or in a self-employed capacity as an independent contractor".
Companies may have raise capital provided by the founder's savings in which case things are relatively Straightforward more usually a company will obtain its capital through a loan from a bank or other institution or from the general public. Under Company Act-1985 section- 263 and under Company Act-2006 section – 540 to section 564 the UK companies have a wider variety of capital intensifying.