Importance of Human Health and Safety in Workplace - Term Paper Example

Health and Safety Table of Contents Introduction 4 Part 5 Section A 5 (i) Human Behaviour 5 5 (ii) Critical Analysis of the Reasons behind the Notion that Human Error is often Rendered as the Cause of Accidents 7 Accident 1 8 Accident 2 9 Section B 10 Safety Climate Surveys in an Organisation 10 Purpose of Safety Climate Surveys in an Organisation 12 Effectiveness of Safety Climate Survey 14 14 Part 2 16 Critical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Accident Ratio Studies in Analysing and Predicting Accident Trends 16 Accident Ratio Study 17 Bird’s Accident Ratio Study 17 Heinrich’s Accident Ratio Study 19 Effectiveness of Accident Ratio 21 21 Ineffectiveness of Accident Ratio 23 Conclusion 24 References 25 Bibliography 31 Introduction Health and safety of an individual is of extreme importance. The health and safety of an individual might be in various levels such as health and safety related to workplace and natural environment. The health and safety of an individual in the workplace is very significant. Organisations should keep in mind the safety of the people associated with it. It should evaluate and manage the hazards that can arise in place of work which could affect the healthiness and safety of the people in that place (Alli, 2013). Making the workplace safer might not require being expensive but it needs to ensure the safety of the employees. In fact, ensuring workplace safely would ultimately save substantial proportion of revenue for an organisation and most importantly it will save life. Preventing work-related sickness and damages is the most essential job at any place of work (Ontario Ministry of Labour, 2011). Minimising mistakes and influencing performance is the key approach in building a good and safer working environment. The health and safety of an individual depends on some aspects like the environmental, organisational and the job related factors. The characteristics of an individual also play a major part in determining his/her health and safety (Health and Safety Executives, n.d.). The paper aims at showing the importance of human health and safety in workplace. Furthermore, the paper would also emphasize on determining the significance of human error in major accidents. Also it would present the importance of safety climate surveys tool in an organisation. Subsequently, in the second part the paper would assess the usefulness of accident ratio studies in predicting accident trends. Part 1 Section A (i) Human Behaviour The behaviour of human beings plays a key role in their health and safety. There are three types of human behaviour that makes an impact on their health and safety. They are skill based behaviour, knowledge based behaviour and rule based behaviour (Health and Safety Executive 1999). The following discussion would provide a clear picture of the three aforementioned human behaviours: I. Skill-based Human Behaviour In skill-based human behaviour mode, human beings spend most of their time. It occurs when abilities of an individual are well mastered. This signifies that the allocation of mental resources is nominal and active allotment of resources of other actions become probable. It is an advantageous behaviour mode but is very much responsive to custom errors. Moreover, due to low level of concentration required to complete a particular task an individual often does not possess the memory about the performed action (Grech & et. al., 2008). For example, driving a car would be a perfect example of skill-based human behaviour. While driving a car, the clutch handling, the handling of gear, brakes and accelerator are at a skill based level and the individuals can use their concentration and psychological resources in watching the traffic, finding out their ways and also at-times listening to radio or conversation with fellow passengers or talking in phone all at the same time. Therefore, an error like scenario can occur in this case due to the performance of multiple tasks at a time (Grech & et. al., 2008). II. Knowledge Based Behaviour In knowledge-based behaviour mode, an individual may either do not require knowledge or rules to apply or he/she may require the same but cannot easily recover it from the long-term memory. The individuals would find it difficult to understand their own-self in this mode of behaviour but they are at times enforced to face circumstances with which they have no related understanding (Grech & et. al., 2008). In this mode, the individuals perform their tasks in an almost cognizant approach. This may occur in case of a trainee or an experienced individual. In both the circumstances, the individuals would have to apply substantial mental efforts in the task. Also after every action the individual has to review it and then proceed to the next level, which would slow down the reaction to the situation (Embrey, 2007). An example of knowledge based error would be an incorrect analysis of the circumstance by a pilot without having the proper knowledge about the aircraft. Once he made such an analysis, then he would search for information to confirm his understanding (Crew Resources Management, n.d.). III. Rule Based Human Behaviour In rule-based behaviour mode, the individuals would have to follow a set of rules and procedures while performing a task. This occurs when an individual acquires skill and expertise. This mode of behaviour demands high level of concentration while performing a task which leaves minimal space to pay attention to anything other than the performing task. The negative aspects of this mode of behaviour would include work burden and making rules related errors, which comprise errors based on failure to relate correct intention or applying the wrong set of rules (Grech & et. al., 2008). An example of rule based behaviour would be in respect of an officer who believes that the system he is working on is set on one mode and functions it properly according to that mode, but in reality the system is set to another mode and thus the operation fails. In this case, the officer is using the correct rules in the mode which he thinks is set appropriately (Grech & et. al., 2008). (ii) Critical Analysis of the Reasons behind the Notion that Human Error is often Rendered as the Cause of Accidents Human error is an unwanted characteristic of daily life. It is frequently excused that these errors are part of the learning process i.e. life. In simple terms, people make mistakes because they are human and are not perfect. Human error can be regarded as human behaviours or manners that can be categorised as unacceptable, careless, and forgetful or can also be looked upon as an unsuitable form of taking risks (Wiegmann, 2011). An error perhaps be undisruptive, it may be detectable and can also be corrected. However, it is often deciphered that 50 to 90% of accidents are caused due to human error. Moreover, other than human error, there are two more significant human actions that lead to accidents. One of them is human fault which is also termed as intentional errors. It is punishable under law. While the other one i.e. human failure is a very significant blunder that is non-excusable and has moral penalty (Peters & Peters, 2006). There have been a lot of accidents that have occurred throughout the world due to human error. A few of the world’s most tragic accidents are discussed below: Accident 1 The Crash of ValuJet Flight 592 In order to exemplify how even a minor human error can guide to a disastrous accident, the crash of ValuJet flight 592 can be considered as a good example. Air transport is considered as the safest system-commercial. In spite of several measures that were developed to stop the different types of faults, some people made critical mistakes which had led to the disastrous accident. It was in May 11, 1996, just minutes after it took off from Miami, Florida a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 crashed into the Florida Everglades. All who were in the flight were killed in the accident. Investigations determine that the reason for the breakdown of the aircraft was uncomplicated. There was a fire that broke out inside the aircraft cargo compartment and within no time it reached the cabin. The pilots could not land the aircraft before the fire entered the cabin. The case became a major focus of the worldwide media. The airline had been operating from the three preceding years. It had developed an impressive reputation among people. After the crash, the airline company was condemned and enquired for its safety system. Through further investigation, it has been learnt that within minutes after the flight took off there was an emergency declared by the pilots due to smoke in the cockpit. It has further learnt that in-spite of severe prohibition chemical oxygen cylinders of canisters were laden into the airplane. It is believed that the canisters were related to the accidents (Strauch, 2004). There were certain other faults that led to the accident. It is believed that the packaging and the preparation of the chemical oxygen generators were not proper. Moreover, the collapse of the smoke detection system in the ‘class D’ cargo compartments was also a major factor behind the accident (National Transportation Safety Board, 1997). Oxygen generators were harmless when they are properly installed. However, if the canisters are not enclosed appropriately they could initiate to generate oxygen involuntarily. The process creates heat as a by-product which could heat up the surface up to 250 0C. The oxygen generators were placed in the cargo of the aircraft. The heat from the canisters ignited the material present in the cargo. It was potentially dangerous to keep unprotected oxygen generators in the aircraft but after the accident it was obvious that someone had placed the canisters in the aircraft. It was further observed that several individuals had made a number of irrelevant errors that had led to the accident. Although after a certain period of time, the investigators were able to analyse how the errors took place (Strauch, 2004). The accident made a strong statement of how few simple human mistakes can lead to disastrous accidents and can also lead to loss of life of many innocent people who were not even involved in making the errors. Accident 2 Shanghai Metro Train Collision (27th September’ 2011) On 27th September’ 2011, one of the metro trains of Shanghai had met with an accident. The accident occurred at around 2:45 pm in the afternoon. As a result of the accident, there were more than 200 people who got injured. After a few days of the accident, the investigating team determined that the accident took place due to some fatal human errors. The causes for the accident comprise two facets. The first facet includes the electrical system safeguarding work because of which the train was at times short of power. This led to the failure of the performance of the controlling system. Due to this technical fault, the metro company was forced to use telephone communication to systematise the service of the train without analysing the risk. In general, the telephone controlling system is a high quality control system that is designed to prevent train accidents, but a well organised system can fail to perform due to human error. Prior to the use of the telephone system, the controllers were not aware of the location of the train. They were taking their decisions according to their conjecture. However, due to the lack of guidance some wrong decisions were given out by the staff. Despite the fact that there was a front train standing by, the following train was unaware of it which resulted in a clash between the two (Yunfan & Zhikang, 2011). It can be observed that the accident took place mainly because of three reasons. The first being the sloppy instigation of the telephone control system, second being the errors on part of the metro staff and finally the level of understanding of the staff regarding the location of the train. However, it can be assumed that if the errors would have not occurred the accident could have been prevented (Yunfan & Zhikang, 2011). Section B Safety Climate Surveys in an Organisation Safety climate survey is a tool used by an organisation to understand the safety culture of the workplace and to recognise the substantial issues of the organisation which could enhance the safety culture of the organisation. Moreover, the tool also analyses the significance of carrying out climate surveys to encourage employee performance and engagement. This system of survey is a computer related product that allows the organisation to become accustomed to a safety work culture in the workplace. This software allows the organisation to examine the outcomes of the survey and prepare graphs on the basis of the results. The software also permits companies to be able to make a comparison of the different organisational hierarchies. After getting the result of the comparison, the organisation would seek to make the necessary improvements (Bust, 2009). The distinctiveness which differentiates safe environment from a less safe environment is present in the performance and the approach of the workforce at all levels. The surveys mainly focus on the safety culture of a workplace and acquire the views of the employees to emerge with a proper accomplishment plan. There are two main objectives of the survey tool. Firstly, determining the cultural forces and secondly promoting employee participation. This survey helps to analyse the current status of the workplace and accordingly would help or deter an execution of plan (Gibson, 2000). The process of conducting the safety climate survey involves certain steps. At first, the participants of the survey are to be identified. This step includes inviting and encouraging the employees to participate in the survey. The success of the survey largely depends on the active participation of the employees. The next step would involve the publication and presentation of the survey. Before beginning the data collection process the survey team should develop an effective communication with the employees. The next step would involve the selection of the personnel who are going to conduct the survey. This step is very important in the survey process. They have to finalise people with good communication skills who have the capability to encourage people. The subsequent step would include the number of people to be surveyed (VMIA, 2011). Purpose of Safety Climate Surveys in an Organisation The climate of the workplace in an organisation plays an imperative role in its day-to-day activities. In an unsafe workplace, employees or workers would not be able to work properly which would ultimately affect the performance of the organisation (Copenhagen Research, n.d.). For this reason, an organisation intends to maintain a healthy and safe environment in the workplace so that the employee can perform to the utmost level. The safety climate survey tool is used to enable the company to understand the scenario of the organisation’s health and safety (Quality Health Care, n.d.). It is a suitable tool to understand the safety climate of the organisation. Safety climate is a part of the safety culture of the organisation. This method uses questionnaire surveys to gather views of the employees at every level of the organisation. The surveys intend to study about the insights of the employees or the workers towards the safety arrangements and approaches of the organisation. The surveys further focus on determining the views of the employees towards the commitment of the management with regard to safety, the supports of the supervisors in safety, the competencies of the employees with regard to safety, the supports of the co-workers towards safety measures and the contribution and involvement of the employees with regard to safety related decision making among others. To construct employee acuity, survey needs substantial effort and complexity to achieve satisfactory consistency and validity. The result of the survey would be significant to the organisation for three purposes. The first is tracking the objective, the second would be for the continuous program for improvement and finally for the research of the organisation. Initially, tracking objectives would indicate the objectives of the climate surveys for the organisation. The second purpose of the survey is to trace the weak point of the safety climate as an essential step for constant improvement program (Jensen, 2012). For example, the outcome of the survey determines that the managers consistently play a supportive role in safety program but the employees have a different approach towards the same. These results would prompt the organisation to implement development initiatives in the next cycle of the improvement process (Jensen, 2012). The third and the final purpose of the survey is to research for the progress of the perception of safety climate. An example of this would be an employee of a big retail business which has its stores in all over the United States and certain parts of Canada. The outcome of the survey can show an association between the perception of the safety climate and the safety policies of the organisation. Other than this, the survey presents two important factors which comprise the quality of the work environment and safety-related communications. Critical attention is to be paid while going through the research report of the survey. If the result of the survey report shows employees view from only one department of the business then the result should be applied only to that department. In a large organisation, it would be difficult to survey as different units would have dissimilar opinions. Generalising the results from one unit to the other in the same organisation would be problematic. In this case, the most appropriate use of the survey tool would be to learn the factors within the surveyed people (Jensen, 2012). Effectiveness of Safety Climate Survey After completing the safety climate survey, a company can understand and analyse its weaknesses more precisely. It provides a lot of benefits to the organisation. The survey identifies the strengths and also the weaknesses of the organisation. It also presents the emerging issues in the organisation and determines the areas where there is a requirement of further development. Furthermore, it also develops an optimistic association between the employee and the organisation. The survey also enables the organisation to understand the opportunities for improvement in various departments (VMIA, 2011). It would be able to identify the flaws and can plan accordingly. If the outcome of the survey demonstrates that the responses of the employees towards the management’s dedication to safety are weak then the organisation can develop a measure to correct the same. In the process of an organisation’s plan to correct the weaknesses, the top level managers’ efforts towards the safety measures would also be more visible. The top level managers can show their dedication towards safety measures by personally making changes on the safety-related strategies. They can include safety and health related issues in their talks and they can also meet the injured employees personally, if any untoward incident occurs. The approach of the management towards the employees would make an impact on their behaviour and in future they would be more open in sharing their views with the associates. For instance, if the outcome of the safety climate survey determines that the involvement of employees in health and safety are uninspiring then the organisation can implement various measures to overcome those factors. The measures may include an adoption of a system that can enhance the safety related behaviours of the employees (Jensen, 2012). The number of the actions that are to be taken will depend on the safety features that have been considered in the survey. The result of the survey also targets the part which needs to get fixed. Low scoring scope should be examined in-depth to identify the prominent issues and to find out the suitable solutions. Once the problems are recognised through the survey then they would be arranged according to their priority. The aspects requiring particular remedies and which can be accomplished rapidly should be commenced first. Again, those problems which can be corrected in a long-term process would have to be completed after a certain period of time. Moreover, it has been determined that it would be useful to firstly rectify those aspects which are under control. An example in this regard would be the feeling of employees that they are in danger in a certain task or action. The performances of the employees might also get hampered due to this feeling. Therefore, the organisation should emphasise to come up with solutions to these types of issues as rapidly as possible (Cooper, 1998). Furthermore, there are certain advantages of the survey. It allows the workers or the employees to share their views on the present safety climate of the organisation. These would enable the organisation to identify the approaches of the top managers of the company towards the safety related issues. In addition, the survey helps the company to rectify their errors in the safety department and show their commitments towards the health and safety of the company. This in turn would help to enhance the viewpoints of the employees towards the organisation which might influence the employees to work effectively for meeting the organisational goals (RSSB, n.d.). On the whole, it can be said that the safety climate survey is very effective for an organisation. It is beneficial for both the employees and the organisation. Part 2 Critical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Accident Ratio Studies in Analysing and Predicting Accident Trends Accident can be defined as the outcome of incorrect actions, causing undesired conclusion. When dealing with accidents, the extent of problem can be evaluated by the accident ratio. Accident ratio can be obtained by comprehensive reporting of different accidental events. A well-developed accident ratio can provide a picture of the basic associations which are crucial to understand the reasons of accidents (Saari, n.d.). According to the observation of Raouf, accidents are demarcated as unintended incidences which can lead to serious wounds, casualties and destructions of properties or assets. The prevention of accidents requires better assessment and prohibition of scenarios that can cause accidents. Numerous efforts have been made in order to establish an effective model of prediction for accident causality. However, only a few efforts have been generally acknowledged. Researchers from several fields have been trying to develop models for assessing accidents which can help to recognise, isolate and eventually diminish the aspects which can ignite the causes of accidents. In this aspect, one of the vital models which can help to recognise, analyse and predict the accident trends is accident ratio study (Saari, n.d.). Accident Ratio Study Accident ratio study is developed for assisting management of an organisation to remember occasions which can result in undesired outcomes. Essentially, accident ratio study helps to learn from accidents. It shows that apart from accidents, there several more incidents that occur in an organisation. These incidents form a great source of information in order to develop the working environment. In several organisations, accident reporting system is quite weak. In this context, it can be stated that the objective of accident ratio is to uncover valuable information regarding accidents. Bird’s Accident Ratio Study One of the most famous accident ratio studies was directed by Frank Bird. His study revealed that the number of incidents in an organisation is quite high in comparison to the number of accidents. However, most of the incidents are not informed which results in lost opportunities for organisations to minimise the impact of accidents. He had stated that for every significant injury, there are 30 equipment damages, 10 minor damages and 600 near miss incidents (Borg, 2002). The following figure will show the accident ratio triangle developed by Frank Bird: Source: (Borg, 2002) Several people experience the near miss accidents during work, yet very few have found to report or share the incidents with other persons. It is worth mentioning that recording of those incidents is a vital aspect for making prediction of accidents. A few of the basic causes for not reporting of these incidents are fear about punitive actions, concern about performance record and status, prevention of work disruption and worry about attitudes of others. Thus, the objective of studying accident ratio is to uncover the incidents which are not reported by people. The overall intention of this accident ratio study is to acquire knowledge about sufficient number of incidents which can help to learn and better predict the accidents. Heinrich’s Accident Ratio Study The work of JW Heinrich can be considered as a vital aspect for analysing and predicting the accident trends. He had acknowledged that among the direct and nearby sources of industrial accidents, 88% are for insecure actions of individuals, 10% are for risky mechanical and physical circumstances and 2% are unavoidable. His thoughts on accidents have been articulated as 88-10-2 ratios which have considerable impacts on the practices of safety. Several safety professionals, who follow this ratio, concentrate more on human related failure for the prevention of accidents rather than making development of working systems (Manuele, 2011). Heinrich had analysed almost 91,773 cases of accidents in the year 1953 which demonstrated that 92% of every non-fatal damages and 94% of serious damages were caused by harmful mechanical and physical environments. In turn, insecure activities of individuals represented 93% of non-fatal damages and 97% of losses (Manuele, 2003). These results made the 88-10-2 accident ratio as unsupportable in several circumstances as this ratio is based on the fact that unsafe activities are the basic reasons for job-related accidents and thus cannot be sustained. Heinrich concentrated on developing the performance of individual employees, rather than making improvement of the working systems established by organisations (Manuele, 2011). Heinrich’s accident ratio is subject to an observation that accidents which have caused severe damages or deaths were often preceded by equivalent accidents which did not lead to any major injuries. His study on 50,000 circumstances of accidents exhibited that on an average 1 major damage is preceded by 29 minor damages and 300 no-injury accidents (Davies & et. al., 2003). The following figure will show the Heinrich’s ratio triangle for accident: Source: (Davies & et. al., 2003) The general message of his accident ratio study was that accident examination must comprise the examination of no injury accidents. As the ratio of no injury accidents is more than major damages, examination of no injury accidents can deliver a larger database for accident predictions. Besides, accidents which result in major damages were often isolated events which did not provide all information which were required for avoiding equivalent accidents. Thus, just analysing the major injury causing accidents would have limited impact. He had recommended that the minimisation of no injury events can result in the reduction of minor injury occurrences. However, this would only hold true if the ratios were stable and hence predictive (Taxis & et. al., 2005). Effectiveness of Accident Ratio Analysis of accident trends is a vital part of safety management in an organisation. It highlights the reasons for accidents and the methods for preventing them. The primary objective of accident ratio analysis is to develop the safety performance of an organisation by exploring the reasons for such occurrences. It helps to recognise the remedies for accidents by enhancing risk control mechanisms, inhibiting the recurrence of accidents and minimising the financial harms. The accident ratios evidently validate that safety efforts must be intended at all incidents comprising insecure activities at the bottom of pyramid with a subsequent improvement in upper stages. Every incident signifies a level of failure in control and is considered as a potential learning experience. Thus, all incidents must be analysed to a certain level in order to predict the accidents. There are five phases of analysis of accidents which are shown in the following figure: Source: (Health & Safety Executive, n.d.) In the first phase of the occurrence of any incident, there is a need to make the situation safe and prevent further damages. An effective reaction on an incident can only be made if it is planned in advance. In the second phase, organisations must put great efforts for choosing the level of analysis. Certain incidents that comprise severe injuries demand careful analysis which can be accomplished by close observation and delegation of responsibilities to the manager regarding the investigation of incidents. In the third phase, the actual analysis is carried out by examining the structure of events which results in certain consequences and by examining the direct as well as the fundamental reasons for such events. In the fourth phase, the analysed result is examined in a systematic manner. In this phase, the analysis of the reasons and suggested preventive measures are recorded. Furthermore, the information regarding certain accidents along with preventive activities is shared to all the supervisors. The report of analysis and the trends of incidents need to be analysed regularly in order to recognise common causes and features of such occurrences. Ultimately, in the fifth phase, the analysis procedure is reviewed by considering outcomes of analysis and the operations of the organisations with respect to quality and effectiveness. Follow-up system can be established when required in order to keep progress under control. The analysis of accident ratio helps to identify minor incidents which act as a prediction of potential harm (Health & Safety Executive, n.d.). Ineffectiveness of Accident Ratio However, in certain circumstances, the accident ratio study can prove to be ineffective. For instance, in several incidents there are no probabilities for fatality or major injury. Thus, for those incidents, accident ratio study can prove to be ineffective to deal with major accidents. Besides, in order to work, accident ratio study requires a huge amount of data. Thus, for those organisations which have limited number of employees, the accident ratio cannot be used, due to a lack of required statistics. Additionally, different organisations have distinct definitions for accidents, thus careful consideration must be provided while using accident ratio study (Nairn, 2009). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that health and safety is very significant for every individual. A safer working environment is a prime need for every organisation. The performance of an organisation is directly dependent on the performance of its employees. In order to influence them to work to the utmost level, the organisation needs to provide a safer work culture to the employees. To make the climate of the workplace safe, organisations can use a safety climate survey which largely enables them to improve the work culture. Moreover, it can also be observed from the paper that at times human error may also lead to accidents. Some human behaviour facets can force individuals to make errors which in turn can become a major reason for disasters. However, there are certain accident related studies which up to an extent help in minimising accidents. In the workplace scenario, proper management of health and safety can significantly facilitate to enhance employee productivity. It can also facilitate to increase employee confidence level upon the provided working environment. References Alli, B.O., 2013. Fundamental Principals of Occupational Health and Safety. Public. 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