What Is Organon of Methods - Essay Example

Organon of Methods The term Organoncan be used when referring to a system of principles and rules that are used in philosophical and scientific investigations. Organon of methods has proven to be very important in both philosophy and science fields. In science, it has mostly been used in the field of medicine where it has proved to be highly effective and helpful. This paper aims at discussing the term “Organon of methods”. Organoncan be used to enumerate all things that can be the rededicate or the subject of the proposition. Human comprehensions can therefore, be categorized into ten categories. From this line of thinking, someone can deduce the meaning of synonyms/unethical words, the meaning of homonymous/equivocal, and the meaning of paronymous/denominative words. These facts lead to the divisibility of speech into either simple, or structured with composition1. Only structured forms of speech can be false or true. What is said of a subject can be said to be the description of the subject as a whole. Under normal circumstances, what is said about a subject is always meant to answer the question of exactly what the subject is. What is said to be contained in a subject is always meant to describe the content of the subject. These are things whose existence completely depend on the existence of the subject. What is contained in a subject can also be referred to as inherence. Some things can be predicated of a subject, but do not exist in any subject. For instance, “man” might be predicated of John or James, but fail to be in any subject. Some things can be in a subject, but cannot be predicated of a subject. In such cases, a certain specific point of grammatical knowledge is in the subject but cannot be predicated of any subject because of its individuality. Some things have the ability to be predicated of a subject and be in a subject. A good example of such a case will be science. Science is in the mind as in a subject while at the same time can be predicated of geometry. There are also things that cannot be in any subject, neither can they be predicated of any subject. The reason as to why they cannot be predicted is that they are individuals. They cannot be in a subject because they are substances2. Organon can also help in the comprehensive, explicit, and formal understanding of the relationship between logic and language. Basic linguistic formscan be classified into prepositions and simple terms, verbs and nouns, negation, the number of simple propositions, on modal propositions, and studies on the excluded middle3. Organonmethods can also be useful in illustrating the relationship between universal, negative, affirmative, and particular prepositions. Square of opposition is based on the relationship between universal, negative, affirmative, and particular prepositions. The difference between particular and universal proportions is what modern quantification theory is based on. It is such reasoning that people get to use logics to show the uncertainty of the events that are yet to take place, and how that uncertainty makes these events inevitable. This is evident in everyday life where people are also told to hope for the best while expecting the worst because tomorrow’s occurrences are unknown to human beings now. Organon methods also helpwith the understanding of definition, demonstration, and scientific language. A demonstrationcan be referred to as a syllogism productive of scientific language. Definition on the other hand is the statement of the nature of things, or a statement explaining the meaning of a name. The type of a syllogism depends on the necessary relation between the conclusion and the premises. Even when fault might lack in the form, it will be in the matter. Dialectical syllogism occurs when the premises are true, primary, and certain, and a conclusion is derivable from them4. Dialectical syllogism results to proper knowledge of scientific things. Sophistical syllogism refers to syllogism that seems to be perfect both in form and in the matter. Defining the “what is” factor of a thing is very important in linguistics. The “what is” factor of a thing can never be demonstrated but can be defined. The “what is” factor of a thing can also be referred to as the thing’s quiddity. Quiddity deals with the definition and how to make correct and appropriate definitions5. For example, when defining something the lowest number of words is always encouraged as long as the definition will drive the point home. Verbal fallacies can be gotten when a conclusion is obtained through improperly used word. These types of fallacies can also be referred to as fallacies of ambiguity. Forms of verbal fallacies include amphibology, accent or emphasis, equivocation, division, composition, and figure of speech. These fallacies can be responsible for miscommunication or misinformation.6 Amphibology can also be referred to as syntactic ambiguity refers to a situation involving a statement or sentence that can be interpreted in more than one way. This is always caused by the ambiguous nature of the statement or sentence. This type of ambiguity does not raise the difference in the meaning of a single word but the relationship between the clauses and words of the statement or sentence. Therefore, a statement or sentence can be considered to be syntactically ambiguous if it can be interpreted to be having more than two structures. Fallacy of composition occurs when a part of a statement can be provedtrue while another part happens to be false. For instance, when someone claims that, “The United States of America has a president whose name is Hassan Mohamed”. The part of this statement that claims that the United States of America has a president is true. The false part of the statement comes when the name of the president is mentioned. Such statements can therefore be referred to as fallacies of composition. A figure of speech can be said to be the use of a phrase or a word that goes past it literal.7 A figure of speech can come in the form of emotion, repetition, and arrangement of words with literal meanings. Figure of speech includes the use of personification, metaphor, idioms, simile, hyperbole, or synecdoche. The purpose of figures of speech is to provide freshness of expression, emphasis, or clarity. However, the clarity part might be interfered with especially because of their nature of having both figurative and literal interpretations. A figure of speech is in some circumstances also referred to as a locution or rhetorical figure. Equivocation involves the calling of two things by the same name. This refers to the using of terms that have more than one meaning in a misleading way. A good example of a word with double meanings is the word, “light”. Light can be used a noun when referring to a state of absence of darkness. Light can also be an adjectives describing something that has little weight. It can also be a verb referring to the process of making light (the noun) available.8 The word light can therefore, have multiple definitions depending on the context in which it is being used. The use of Organon of methods has highly contributed to the use of both logic and language in science. For instance, it has been led to the development of the use of inductive reasoning. Such reasoning that involves the seeking strong evidence helps to help in proving the truth of a conclusion. Despite the fact that the conclusion is a deductive argument, the truth of an inductive reasoning should have its basis of the evidence that is availed. This form of reasoning is common in many fields of science and especially in medicine where doctors and other medical professionals have toassess health conditions of patientsbased on evidence that they have9. The evidence commonly used in the field of medicine includessymptoms, and laboratory test results. One of the methods known as bacon’s method has procedures that isolate and further investigate the case, or form nature of a phenomenon. The methods in question include methods of difference, methods of agreement, and method of concomitant variation. Evidently, various aspects of Organon methods have found their way into a few areas of the modern theatrical culture. Some of the dramatists and theatre directors whose works have shown aspects of Organon methods include Augusto Boal, Dario Fo, Joan Littlewood, Peter Weiss, Peter Brook, Pina Bausch, Heiner Muller, Robert Bolt, Caryl Churchill, and Tony Kushner. Organon methods also exist in medicine mostly used in the field of homoeopathy. In medicine, they are used in the selection of the most appropriate medication procedure that can be appropriate to a given situation.10 They make use of logics and past events to determine the possibility of a certain process been successful in the treatment of a given patient. It was discovered that due to poor use of logics some medical procedure used to make patients’ conditions worse than they were. The use of organon methods can therefore be said to be highly biennial in the reduction of such occurrences in the field of medicine. Organon methods can also be used in the understanding of the preventive and social nature of health care. This development brought a new understanding on how the two aspects of human life can be used in healthcare. For instance, logic was applied in determining the advantage of preventive measures over curative measures11. This means that the professionals in healthcare provision were able to be more effective in handling health problems. Organon methods also influence how people investigate nature. This is because they help in questioning some information given to people by history and evaluating the truth in them. It is not just enough to be informed, but it is satisfying to be able to evaluate the truth-value of every information that is availed. This line of thinking has been highly used in philosophy especially in explaining some occurrences in the environment. A good example of such would be the explanation given to why things are always attracted towards the centre of the earth (gravitational pull). Induction is definitely a different way of using logics. This form of reasoning that begins with natural phenomena and goes through a series of intermediate levels to get to general statements about nature. The advantage of induction would be the fact that it begins with concrete things existing in nature. It also does not give general statements immediately that contribute to its effectiveness.12 The Organon methods have also proved to be highly important in the use of experimentation in determining truth. Previously, experiments were used to prove theories that were already existing and well known. However, because of these methods scientist were able to use a new way of experimentation in which theories were derived from experiences in nature and experiments. This made theories more applicable in real life as opposed to before when theories remained to be theories until some successful experiments were carried out to prove that they were indeed true. It is evident that Organon methods have a big impact on the lives of human beings. This is because of the way they have been able to change the way human beings reason. This has led to an understanding of the environment and a better use of logics in problem solving.These methods have been used in various aspects of human existence including medicine, art, theatre, technology, philosophy, and many others13. It is evident through this paper that Organon methods have been completely successful in improving the way human beings use logics to interpret and react to various situations in their environment. Bibliography Bernard, Alain, and Serge Tichkiewitch.2008.Methods and tools for effective knowledge life- cycle-management.Berlin: Springer. Bacon, Francis, and Thomas Fowler.1889. Bacons Novumorganum. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Bannerman, Elizabeth, M.N.,Yersin, and Jacques, Bille. "Evaluation of the Organon-TeknikaMicro-id Listeria system."Applied and environmental microbiology 58, no. 6 (1992): 2011-2015. Whewell, William. Novumorganonrenovatum.JW Parker and son, 1858. PolskaAkademiaNauk, and International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science. 1964. Organon.Warszawa: PaństwoweWydawn.Naukowe Aristotle, OctaviusFreire Owen, and Porphyry.1901. The Organon, or Logical treatises, of Aristotle: with the introduction of Porphyry.London: G. Bell. Read More