Colon Cancer in Tissue Engineering - Literature review Example

Colon Cancer in Tissue Engineering Advances in the medical field have made it possible to treat tissues or organs that may have been rendered functionless by injury or certain diseases. In the past, organ transplant and reconstructive surgery were the norm. However, due to organ rejection in patients, scarcity of donor organs, the drugs given to repress organ rejection 1, and the limitation of reconstructive surgery like the constraints of surgical resections to injuries that can heal through secondary intention2. In addition, the biomedical instruments are not able to replace the biological functions of the damaged tissue in reconstructive surgery; hence, they cannot stop the continuous weakening of the injured organ3. The reason being that reconstructive surgery does not replace the biological functioning of an organ or tissue4. Medical researchers have had to be innovative. Their innovation has led to tissue engineering (TE), which is the initiation of the regeneration of organs and tissues by taking advantage of the individual’s self-healing capability5. Normally, tissue engineering purposes to control cells to trigger the regrowth of the respective tissue6. A process that is termed as therapeutic because it replaces the biological role of the damaged or malfunctioning tissues or organs7. What doesTE involve? TEcomprises of the artificial stimulation of the capacity of cell differentiation, synthesis, and increase8. It utilises two tactics. The transplantation of cells9 and the use of biomaterials and biomedical machineries10. In the utilisation of biomaterials and associated technologies, there needs to be the creation of in vivo like conditions. What is the purpose of these in vivo like conditions? The in vivo likeenvironment is developed to ensure that the cells are able to boost their differentiation and proliferation to a sufficient standard that allows the biological capability of tissue regrowth11. Hence, a cell-manipulated natural healing of the particular organ and tissue is attained without the need of transplanting cells. In addition, transplantation of cells is undertaken by transferring cells that have a huge capability for the differentiation and growth of cells to activate the regeneration of tissue in accordance with its potential 12. In this technique, transfer is done using the infusion tactic13 or the bolus injection method14. However, in the use of biomedical and biomaterial technologies, bio signalling and cell scaffolds techniques have been used to deliver the necessary biomaterials that avail the required conditions for tissue regrowth15. The scaffolds enhance differentiation and growth of cells with the biomaterials functioning as the transfer carrier of the bio-signalling molecules16. An angiogenic factor is facilitated to proficiently activate angiogenesis in an in vivo manner17. The applicability of TE in cancer treatment and control is a fundamental emerging facet. It is especially so, when it comes to colon cancer. One important point is that the comprehension of the biology concerning cancer is vital and challenging18. However, with research, scientists have been able to produce tissue engineered tumour replicas to study cancer. The development has enabled the use of TE in colon cancer. How is it been used? Researchers have taken advantage of TE to develop the colon through the transfer of organoid units on scaffolds made up of a polymer19. The organoid units, multicellular units obtained from neo-natal rat ileum, were transferred into the Lewis’s rat omentum20. Thus, through the adaptation of the tissue-engineered organoid technique, researchers opine that they can produce a colon that is TE produced. In short, tissue-engineered colon (TEC) has been synthesised and developed. Scenarios do exist where total colectomy is required. Thus, the creation of a colostomy bag is necessary. Hence, if a patient can donate autologous cells, tissue engineered colon from syngeneic tissue is possible21. Thus, researchers have been able to produce colons from an engineered tissue and adult cells with 100% results22. The tissue-engineered colon showed an architecture similar to the original colon. The TEC’smuscularispropria stained for actin, had ganglion cells, and S100-positive cells.23 In anastomosis, the colon architecture was preserved24. The produced colon has been shown to have constant in vitro function just like that in mature colonocytes25. Thus, if a colon has been damaged by colon cancer, TEC could be used as an effective means to replace the impaired colon. Under esophageal tissue engineering, studies note that acellular scaffolds can be transplanted with the goal of having the smooth muscle and epithelial cells move to populate the conduit in use once more26. These scaffolds include the collagen scaffolds that have been utilised to create porous tube-like structures27. However, their use presented limitations due to a lack of regrowth in the muscles27. Synthetic scaffolds have been utilised but have poor results in terms of the migration of the cells caused by the features of the materials28. Decellularised scaffolds emanating from the esophagusare shownto produce mixed results29. Some of the regenerated esophagus tissues had regrown muscularispropria while others did not. In addition, cell-seeded scaffolds have been used. For example, seeding esophagial epithelial cells (EEC) on collagen scaffolds that were three-dimensional in nature indicated viability for up to 8 weeks30. Nevertheless, the cells failed to assimilate into the scaffold. The cells stayed on the surface as minute clusters or single cells30. The same case was observed for two-dimensional collagen scaffolds, as their viability was only evident up to the sixth week30. The results from esophagial tissue engineered tissue indicate that regrowth of colonic tissues may not be possible as the viability of these techniques failed after some time. Even for the produced tissues, the muscle layers were of a poor architecture. Hence, application of these techniques to regrow colons damaged by cancer may not be possible. However, with further research to eliminate the limitations experienced, it could be conceivable. Thus, the best way is to utilise the former technique, where tissue engineered colon was produced with the aid of transplanted organoid units. The novel method showed great promise in tissue engineering of the colon as no limitations were reported and colon that had similar features to a mature and natural colon was successfully regenerated. References 1. Tabaka, Y., 2009. Biomaterial technology for tissue engineering applications. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 6(3), pp. S311-S324. 2. Selber, S. C., Sarhane, K. A., Ibrahim, A. E. & Holsinger, F. C., 2014. Transoral Robotic Reconstructive Surgery. Seminars in Plastic Surgery, 28(1), pp. 35-38. 3. Correia, S. I. et al., 2014. Current concepts: tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications in the ankle joint. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 11(92), pp. 1-20. 4. Yamin, M. R. A., Mozafari, N., Mozafari, M. & Razi, Z., 2015. Reconstructive Surgery of Extensive Face and Neck Burn Scars Using Tissue Expanders. World Journal of Plastic Surgery, 4(1), pp. 40-49. 5. Lu, H. H., Subramony, S. D., Boushell, M. K. & Zhang, X., 2013. Tissue Engineering Strategies for the Regeneration of Orthopaedic Interfaces: Interface Tissue Engineering Strategies. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 38(6), pp. 2142-2154. 6. Oryan, A., Alidadi, S., Moshiri, A. & Maffulli, N., 2014. Bone regenerative medicine: classic options, novel strategies, and future directions. Journal or Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, Volume 9, p. 18. 7. Metcalfe, A. D. & Ferguson, M. J., 2007. Tissue engineering of replacement skin: the crossroads of biomaterials, wound healing, embryonic development, stem cells and regeneration. Journal OF The Royal Interface, 4(14), pp. 413-437. 8. Zorlutuna, P., Vrana, N. E. & Khademhosseini, 2013. The Expanding World of Tissue Engineering: The Building Blocks and New Applications of Tissue Engineered Constructs. IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 2013(6), pp. 47-62. 9. Soto-Gutierrez, A. et al., 2010. Cell Delivery: From Cell Transplantation to Organ Engineering. Cell Transplant, 19(6), pp. 655-665. 10. Burdick, J. A. & Vunjak-Novakovic, G., 2009. Engineered Microenvironments for Controlled Stem Cell Differentiation. Tissue Engineering. Part A, 15(2), pp. 205-219. 11. Lodi, D., Lannitti, T. & Palmieri, B., 2011. Stem Cells in clinical practice: applications and warnings. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cncer Research, 30(1), p. 9. 12. Suzuki, G. et al., 2014. Global Intracoronary Infusion of Allogeneic Cardiosphere-Derived Cells Improves Ventricular Function and Stimulates Endogenous Myocyte Regeneration throughout the Heart in Swine with Hibernating Myocardium. PLoS One, 9(11), p. e113009. 13. Shiffman, M. A., Di Giuseppe, A. & Bassetto, F. eds., 2014. Stem Cells in Aesthetic Procedures: Art, Science, and Clinical Techniques. Heidelberg: Springer. 14. Bernstein, H. S. ed., 2011. Tissue Engineering in Regenerative Medicine. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. 15. Vasita, R. & Katti, D. S., 2006. Nanofibers and their applications in tissue engineering. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 1(1), pp. 15-30. 16. Chu, H. & Wang, Y., 2012. Therapeutic angiogenesis: controlled delivery of angiogenic factors. Therapeautic Delivery, 3(6), pp. 693-714. 17. Werner, H. M. J., Mills, G. B. & Ram, P. T., 2014. Cancer Systems Biology: a peak into the future of patient care?. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 11(3), pp. 167-176. 18. Bitar, K. N. & Shreya, R., 2012. Intestinal Tissue Engineering: Current Concepts and Future Vision of Regenerative Medicine in the Gut. Neurogastroenterology & Motility, 24(1), pp. 7-19. 19. Orlando, G., ed., 2013. Regenerative Medicine Applications in Organ Transplantation. London: Academic Press. 20. Grikscheit, T. C. et al., 2003. Tissue-Engineered Large Intestine Resembles Native Colon With Appropriate In Vitro Physiology and Architecture. Annals of Surgery, 238(1), pp. 35-41. 21. Vrana, N. E. et al., 2013. Engineering Functional Epithelium for Regenerative Medicine and In Vitro Organ Models: A Review. Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews, 19(6), pp. 529-543. 22. Grikscheit, T. C. et al., 2004. Tissue-Engineered Small Intestine Improves Recovery After Massive Small Bowel Resection. Annals of Surgery: A Monthly Review of Surgical Science Since 1885, 240(5), pp. 748-754. 23. Franck, D. et al., 2014. In vitro evaluation of bi-layer silk fibroin scaffolds for gastrointestinal tissue engineering. Journal of Tissue Engineering, Volume 5, pp. 1-10. 24. Lanza, R., Langer, R. & Vacanti, J. P. eds., 2011. Principles of Tissue Engineering. London: Academic Press. 25. Acton, Q. A., 2013. Issues in Gastroenterology and Hepatology: 2013 Edition. Atlanta: ScholarlyEditions. 26. Totonelli, G. et al., 2012. Esophageal tissue engineering: A new approach for esophageal replacement. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 18(47), pp. 6900-6907. 27. Baiguera, S., Urbani, L. & Del Gaudio, C., 2014. Tissue Engineered Scaffolds for an Effective Healing and Regeneration: Reviewing Orthotopic Studies. Biomed Research International, Volume 2014, pp. 1-27. 28. Greco, G. N., 2008. Tissue Engineering Research Trends. New York: Nova Publishers. 29. Saxena, A. K., Ainoedhofer, H. & Hollwarth, M. E., 2010. Culture of ovine esophageal epithelial cells and in vitro esophagus tissue engineering.. Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods, 16(1), pp. 109-114. Read More