Difficult and Glorious History of Boeing 747 - Research Paper Example

Contents Contents 1 Abstract 2 Development 3 Operation 4 Design 5 The basic version of the 747-100 5 Boeing 747SR 5 Boeing 747SP 6 Boeing 747-100B 6 747-200 6 747-200C and 747-200F 7 Boeing 747-200V 7 747-300 7 747-400 7 747-8 8 Special cargo 8 VC-25A 8 E-4B 9 Power 9 Boeing 747-100 9 Boeing 747-200/300 9 Boeing 747-400 9 Boeing 747-8 9 References 10 Running Head: Boeing 747 Design and Development Boeing 747 Design and Development Abstract 747, manufactured by U.S. company Boeing, often referred to as the "Jumbo Jet" (born Jumbo Jet), or simply "747" - the world's first long-haul wide-body airliner. The first flight was made on Feb. 9, 1969. At the time of its creation, the Boeing 747 was the largest, heaviest and capacious passenger airliners and remained so for 37 years, until the A380, whose first flight took place in 2005. Boeing 747 has a double-deck layout, with the upper deck is much inferior to the length of the bottom. Dimensions and peculiar "hump" of the upper deck of the Boeing 747 made by one of the most recognizable aircraft in the world, the hero of dozens of movies and a symbol of civil aviation. There are several different options for Boeing 747, most of which can make long-range flights. Record among Boeing 747 is an Australian airline Qantas Airways, who in 1989 nonstop flight from London to Sydney, thereby, breaking the 18,000 miles in 20 hours 9 minutes, without having on board any passengers or cargo. 747-X program was launched in response to the European program corporation Airbus A3XX. This project involves the creation of Boeing 747-500X and Boeing 747-600X for up to 800 passengers. General Electric Company and Pratt & Whitney established a joint venture to manufacture engines GP7200 specifically for the larger "747". However, most carriers have preferred to develop a radically new aircraft modernization of the old, and after several months the project was closed. After the official launch of the A380 program in 2000, Boeing was once again picked up 747-X, but later abandoned it in favor of the project «Sonic Cruiser» - project passenger aircraft. Then mothballed project and began development of the Boeing 787 (originally 7E7). Though some of the ideas developed during the project 747-X, were used in the Boeing 747-400ER. In early 2004, Boeing has published plans to build 747 aircraft «Advanced». This aircraft is a stretched Boeing 747-400. On the new plane will use a totally new avionics - similar to the Boeing 787 avionics. November 14, 2005 Boeing has announced the beginning of the project, and the aircraft was given the designation Boeing 747-8. Airlines have ordered 109 aircraft. From passenger carriers showed interest in the 747-8 Lufthansa (20 cars), Korean Air (5 cars) and the American Boeing Business Jet (8 cars). Cargo (where there is no competition at 747, A380 cargo there so far only in the diagrams) are interested in eight airlines, including such as Dubai Aerospace Enterprise (15 planes), Nippon Cargo Airlines (14 planes), Cargolux (13 aircraft), and Russian Volga-Dnepr Airlines (5 aircraft) Meanwhile, the last passenger Boeing-747-400 was delivered to the customer (the Taiwanese airline China Airlines) in April 2005 [2], since from the Boeing hangar bulged freight only "Jumbo Jet". The number of exploited this type of aircraft being phased out. Development Boeing 747-100 Iran development of 747 occurred during the rapid growth of air traffic in the 60's. Boeing 707, which dominated at that time in the U.S. airline market, already struggling to cope with the increasing flow of passengers. Prior to that, the Boeing Corporation has worked to develop a large transport aircraft for the U.S. Army, but then lost the draft Corporation Lockheed - C-5 Galaxy. “Nevertheless, the most loyal Boeing customer - the airline Pan American - has developed requirements for the giant passenger plane which was supposed to be more "707" twice. In 1966, the Corporation introduced a new configuration of the aircraft, the designation "747". Initially, the project is a fully double-deck aircraft, but with this configuration there were some difficulties, and the scheme was abandoned in favor of the "hump". From the first series of 100 aircraft Pan Am ordered 25. Hess, R. A. and Wells, S. R. At that time it was thought that such giants will soon be superseded by supersonic aircraft. Therefore, the "747" was originally developed as a transport aircraft. Over time, it was planned even a complete refurbishment of all aircraft into freighters. The cockpit was placed on the upper deck specifically to be able to convert the nose of the plane in the cargo ramp. It was assumed that the market does not need more than 400 aircraft of this type, however, despite the criticism and tough competition in 1993, was built thousand aircraft. Only in the first decade of XXI century sales "747" began to fall. Construction of aircraft has been associated with some difficulties: the Boeing plant did not have capabilities to produce such huge aircraft. To do this in a small town Everett, Washington had built a new factory, which became home to a new family of aircraft. Company Pratt & Whitney has developed a huge turbofan engine with a high pass ratio - JT9D, which was originally used exclusively for the "747". In order to improve safety and flying qualities of aircraft on the "747" were set back four hydraulic systems and slotted flaps, which are allowed to use the aircraft on the runways of standard length. During trials the aircraft for airworthiness certificate Boeing has developed an unusual training device known as "Waddell's Wagon" (named in honor of the test pilot "747", Jack Waddell) which consisted of a cabin layout that is installed on the roof of the truck. The simulator was designed to train pilots to fly a plane to taxi to such a high position the cab. Hess, R. A. and Wells, S. R. Boeing made a promise to Pan Am to deliver the first aircraft by 1970 - that is, it was necessary to develop, build, test and certify the aircraft for less than 4 years. The work went very quickly, but the enormous costs of the corporation to build a new plant and the development of aircraft delivered Boeing to the brink of bankruptcy. Nevertheless, the enormous profits from the sale of "747" paid for all expenses of the corporation. Listen Read phonetically Dictionary - View detailed dictionary Operation Two Boeing 747-400 of major airlines belong to a new plane somewhat skeptical. At the same time the corporation "McDonnell-Douglas (later absorbed by Boeing) and Lockheed developed jumbo jets are much smaller compared to the" 747 ". Anxiety carriers caused high fuel consumption. Many airlines immediately announced their unwillingness to acquire the Boeing 747 from the threat of the sharp increase in ticket prices. Anxiety carriers realized. Fuel crisis of 1970 caused a rapid increase in oil prices and a decline in air travel. Airlines are faced with the problem of unprofitable "747": because of high ticket prices for planes flying half empty. An airline, American Airlines has established instead of chairs and a piano bar counters in order to attract passengers, but these measures proved insufficient. In the future, the company has converted all aircraft into freighters and then sold. After some time, Continental Airlines came with their planes as well. New McDonnell Douglas DC-10, Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, and later the Airbus A300 and Boeing 767 seized most of the market wide-body aircraft. Many air carriers with the release of new aircraft almost immediately abandoned the "747" in their favor. Among them are: Air Canada, Aer Lingus, SAS, TAP Portugal and Olympic Airways. Hess, R. A. and Wells, S. R. Many airlines continue to use "747" on particularly busy routes. In Asia, "747" is often used in medium and even short-range routes, especially in Japan. "747" still used for the longest transcontinental lines. The biggest fleet of "747" belongs to the Japanese national airline Japan Airlines - 73 aircraft. British Airways has the largest fleet of modified 747-400, includes 57 aircraft. A Boeing 747 operated in Russia. Transaero Airlines has eleven ships (six B747-200, three B747-300 and two B747-400), the airline Air Bridge Cargo, group company Volga-Dnepr Group, has nine cars in a cargo variant (two Boeing 747-200F, a B747- 300F and six 747-400ERF). Design Boeing 747-100 was the first model in a series of "747" and shortly after his appearance was nicknamed Jumbo. Just a different sub-options have been built 250 aircraft of this modification, [3] of these 167 aircraft is a basic version of the 747-100, 45 - SP, 1929 - SR and 9 - 100B [4]. Last Boeing 747-100 owned by modification-100SR, has been built for Japan Airlines and was raised in September 1986. Siddharthan, R., Norris, G.M., and Epps, J.A., The basic version of the 747-100 The first Boeing 747 with an official designation Boeing 747-100 was built on Sept. 2, 1968. The first flight took place on February 9, 1969. January 1, 1970 owned by Pan American World Airways plane was made the first commercial flight. The first European airline, which bought Boeing 747-100, was Lufthansa, which has received a total of three aircraft of this model. Basic version has 7200 km range. On the very first aircraft was located on the upper deck recreation room with three portholes. Somewhat later, when airlines began to use the upper deck for passengers first and business class, the deck was finally converted into a passenger cabin for 60 passengers. The last instance of the base version of Boeing 747-100 was delivered Airlines Pan American World Airways July 2, 1976. Some aircraft series 747-100 were converted to cargo 747-100 (SF). Boeing 747SR Boeing 747SR (English Short Range - a small range) SR-version of the Boeing 747-100 aircraft for a short-haul airlines; Boeing 747SR was developed as a modification of the short-haul 747-100. This aircraft smaller amount of fuel, but the seating capacity has reached 500 people, and later - 550. In 747SR in addition, improved design of the fuselage. Later, modifications of SR appeared and Boeing 747-300. Boeing 747SR primarily used only on domestic Japanese routes, Several Boeing 747-100SR were delivered to Japan Airlines extended upper deck. Later, this modification was named 747SUD (born stretched upper deck). One of the planes that once flew to Japan Airlines, NASA is now used as a vehicle of the Space Shuttle. Boeing 747SP   Boeing 747SP (English Special Performance) was developed in 1976. This aircraft was created in order to make a serious competition to the DS-10 and A-1011. The thing is, because of their size Boeing was often unprofitable routes on the average utilization, and lost to them by Douglas and Lockheed. Development of 737 and 747 took up the company too much money, so the company has not been possible to create principally new aircraft. Instead, a Boeing 747 fuselage was shortened and was held certain parameters are optimized specifically for aircraft routing a small load. Siddharthan, R., Norris, G.M., and Epps, J.A., In addition to the shortened fuselage, the 747SP increase the surface area of the keel and wing flaps. 747SP take aboard up to 220 passengers. The maximum range of 10 500 km at a cruising speed of 980 km / h. Before the advent of Airbus A340 747SP had the greatest range of flight among the aircraft and was popular with companies involved in transoceanic water transportation - American Airlines, Qantas and Pan American. Despite its technical advantages, 747SP not become as popular as hoped by the manufacturer. It was built only 45 aircraft of this modification. Most of them are still operated mainly in the Middle East. One aircraft was built specially for flying astronomical laboratory - SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy). It is a telescope with a diameter of 2, 5 meters. Boeing 747-100B Boeing 747-100B differs from its predecessors advanced control system and landing gear; the first customer of the Boeing 747-100B was the airline Iran Air, has received the first copy of August 2, 1979. The remaining eight copies were sold to Saudi Arabian Airlines. 747-200 Boeing 747-200Predstavlenny in 1971 and Later improved Boeing 747-200 had more powerful engines and increased takeoff weight, which made it possible to increase the flight range. The first 747-200 on the upper deck had 3 inside, but later Boeing finally gave up such a scheme. The latest modification, 747-200V, output from the 80's, range increased to 10,800 km. Based on the Boeing 747-200 airframe modifications were built for the U.S. Air Force: 3 WCP E-4A and a E-4B, and 2 VC-25A aircraft to transport U.S. Siddharthan, R., Norris, G.M., and Epps, J.A., presidents. 747-200C and 747-200F Boeing 747-200C and 747-200F have been developed for carrying freight. 747-200F - only cargo plane, while 747-200S - capable of carrying either cargo or passengers. Modification of the 747-200M «Combi» can carry and then both. Like the 747-100, 747-200 passenger airplanes many were later converted into freighters. Gervais, E.L.et al 2003 Boeing 747-200V Boeing 747-200V - advanced version 747-200 with more powerful engines and larger fuel capacity. 747-300 747-300 was originally conceived as trehmotornaya version of the Boeing 747SP, but that plan quickly abandoned because of the small demand for such a model on the market. Designation of 747-300 was named the new aircraft, appeared in 1980. On this plane was significantly increased upper deck, which increased the seating capacity. Based on the 747-300 were created by versions of 747-300M (combi) and 747-300SR (short-haul). A distinctive feature of the new aircraft has a direct staircase connecting the upper and lower decks. In the earlier aircraft mounted coil. The maximum range of 12 400 km. Among the airlines that operate a significant number of aircraft Boeing 747-300 Japan Airlines, Air India, Saudi Arabian Airlines, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), Qantas, Transaero and Thai Airways. Gervais, E.L.et al 2003 747-400 Boeing 747-400 airline Lufthansa Boeing 747-400, the newest and most popular model in the series and produced so far. This added to the vertical plane ending on the wings (winglets, but they are not on airplanes Japan Airlines, offering domestic services in Japan.) The cockpit has been upgraded with new avionics, in connection with what is no need for a flight engineer. Were installed additional tail fuel tanks, upgraded engines; In addition, the aircraft features a high degree of comfort. In the 747-400 entered service in 1989, the company Northwest Airlines. 747-8   February 8, 2010. The first flight of Boeing-747-8R7FUdlinennaya on 5,5 meters transport version of 747-400 with a maximum takeoff weight (442 tons) to 16% larger than the original (but at 18 tons less than the A380-800). The first test flight of the new aircraft took place on 8 February 2010 from the airfield Paine Field (Everett, Wash.) with a one year behind schedule. As of September 30, 2010, the first cargo planes will be delivered in mid 2011, and passengers at the end of that year. Salon airliner Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental, presented in February 2011, can accommodate 467 passengers. In this case, as reported in the release of a new model of Boeing's more economic than the previous model. Gervais, E.L.et al 2003 Special cargo Boeing 747LCF c inscription “Dream lifter” on the fuselage of October 2003, Boeing announced that due to the long duration of carriage by sea transportation of parts to the site of the Boeing 787 final assembly will be carried by air. For these purposes it is planned to convert a Boeing 747-400 cargo plane with the "opening" the fuselage by the type Airbus Beluga to transport parts of the wings and fuselage. Upgrades are planned in Taiwan. Boeing has already bought two aircraft airline China Airlines. The aircraft was named “Dream lifter”. VC-25A VC-25A was built in the late 1980's through the airframe Boeing 747-200. Wear a special color. In air traffic control services they are given the code Air Force One - to an aircraft carrying the president. In case the board is present the first lady or vice president of U.S. (but not the president himself), the aircraft is assigned a code designation Air Force One Foxtrot. Currently used by U.S. presidents for domestic and foreign travel (see VC-25). Gervais, E.L.et al 2003 E-4B E-4B Night watch known as NEACP (English National Emergency Airborne Command Post), is pronounced «Kneecap», and in 1994 received the second name of NAOC (English National Airborne Operations Center) - airborne command post (HCP) for U.S. president U.S. defense secretary and other members of senior management in case of nuclear war and destruction of land-management structures. The first 3 E-4A are based on the airframe Boeing 747-200 Boeing factory in 1974-1978. In 1979 he built the upgraded E-4B, and in 1980 all three E-4A have been modernized and became known as E-4B. At the present time are on duty at the bases (see page E-4). Power Boeing 747-100 Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7A Boeing 747-200/300 Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7R4G2 Rolls-Royce RB211-524D4 General Electric CF6-50E2 Boeing 747-400 Pratt & Whitney PW4062 Rolls-Royce RB211-524H General Electric CF6-80C2B5F Boeing 747-8 General Electric Genx Listen Read phonetically   Dictionary - View detailed dictionary References Bull, J., Mah, R., Hardy, G., Sullivan, B., Jones, J., Williams, D., Soukup, P., and Winters, J., Piloted simulation tests of propulsion control as backup to loss of primary flight controls for a B747-400 jet transport. Gerhand, S. (2001). Routes to reading: A report of a non-semantic reader with equivalent performance on regular and exception words. Neuropsychologia, 39, 1473 1484. Ahlvin, R.G., 1991. Origin of developments for structural design of pavements. Technical Report GL-91-26. Vicksburg, Bush, A.L. and Thompson, M.R., 1990. Predicting capacities of low volume airfield pavements. 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