The ABO Blood Group System - Essay Example

hе АBО Blооd Grоuр Systеm Name Institution Course Tutor Date Abstract Human blood is typed or classified according to the presence or absence of antigens in the red blood cells and plasma. Plasma is capable at allowing the body to identify its own blood. There have been associations between ABO blood groups and ailments since the discovery of the ABO blood groups. The ABO Blood Group classification is the classification of human blood, which is based on some heritage properties about the red blood cells known as erythrocytes and it is determined by availability or lack of the antigens A and B. These antigens are available on the red cells’ exterior. This essay seeks to explore the ABO blood group system, antigens and antibodies, and their roles in the human body and in transfusion medication. It also explores the detection and connotation of ABO blood group system, its genetics and biochemistry, and the sorting techniques. The essay also explores the ABO Subgroups and ABO Blood grouping inconsistencies. Introduction Human blood is classified according to presence and deficiency of antigens. These antigens are found in the red blood cells and in the plasma allowing human body to recognize blood as its own. The ABO blood group system is very significant blood type system and most functional genetic, mysterious polymorphism in the human transfusion. Hayden, Mann, Krassnig, and Dickert (2006) argued that, there are anti-A and anti-B antibodies that are known as IgM antibodies and are normally created in the early stage of human life through adjustment to some environmental essence like bacteria, food products, as well as body viruses. It is apparent that, the ABO blood types are there in many animals, such as apes, bonobos, rodents, gorillas, and chimpanzees. When another blood is introduced in the body, the unassailable system recognizes it to be strange, thus attacking it and leading to transfusion effect. It is apparent that, blood categories are present at birth from the parents the same way with other heritable traits, such as eyeball colour. General discussion Discovery and Significance Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900 whereby he reported a lay down of investigations identifying the ABO blood group system. This made him to win a nobel award for remedy. This was done by mixing cubicles and serum of all different scholars in the lab and identified four prototypes of agglutination, thus developing the Landsteiner’s set of laws for the ABO blood group (Edgren, Hjalgrim, Rostgaard, Norda, Wikman, Melbye, & Nyrén, 2010). These laws include; (Each person has antibody to the antigen he lacks (only in the ABO system), A person does not have antibody to his own antigens.) The four blood groups, antigens and antibodies include; blood group A-antigen A- antibody anti-B, blood group B-antigen B-antibody anti-A, blood group AB-antigen A and B- antibody A or B, and blood group O-neither anti-A or anti-B and anti-A,B. The ABO antibodies are very considerable clinically since they occur in nature and they are found across the world (Storry & Olsson, 2009). They are also imprudent in bodies of creatures. The system is also significance in medical treatment of some illnesses whereby one requires preface of a quantity of blood in his or her blood and it is only done by being familiar with the respective blood group of the patient. Transfusion of the erroneous blood into the patient is a clinical fault that can lead to the demise of the patient, thus the need of identifying the blood set carefully. The ABO blood group systems are also vital clinically whereby antibodies are developed not in favor of antigens, such as autoantibodies being developed in opposition to self-antigens and alloantibodies developed not in favor of the unfamiliar antigens. According to Loua, Lamah, Haba, and Camara (2007), ABO blood group system prevents happening of demolition of the inhabitant red cells, foetal scarlet cells, and the transfused red cells. Genetics and biochemistry It is apparent that blood groups of children are present at birth whereby the ABO genetic material and three categories of alleles that are secondary from the classical heredity forbid the ABO blood type. There is the DNA programmed as glycosyltransferase, which is an enzyme amending carbohydrate material found in the red blood cubicle antigens. Some of the alleles of the ABO genetic material are A101 (A1), A201 (A2), A101 (B1), O01 (O1), O02 (O1V), and O03 (O2). It is clear that, the IA allele presents category A, IB gives brand B, and 1 awards kind O. Hosoi (2008) found out that, both IA and IB are the most important in excess of 1. Moreover, only 2 people enclose blood category O. Majority of inhabitants with IAIA or IA1 contain blood brand A. Nevertheless, people with IBIB or IB1 boast blood category B. It is apparent that, IAIB populace possess the two phenotypes. This is because A and B express an unexpected governance association whereby individuals with type A and B are talented in giving delivery to a young person who is AB. It is apparent that distribution of blood groups A, B, O, and AB differs globally and it depends with the inhabitants (Storry, & Olsson, 2009). An infant might become heir to blood according to the genotypes, AO and AA that are tested as type A, and BO and BB experienced as type B. Antigens and antibodies ABO blood group classification has a fundamental principle that antigens whereby sugars are physically revealed from the outdoor part of the red blood cells are different in individual bodies of human being, having a number of immunological forbearance towards stuffs that occur in persons’ bodies (Loua, Lamah, Haba, & Camara, 2007). Consequently, humans articulate sioantibodies or antibodies that are in opposition to the isoantigens. Isoantigens are a quantity of usual components that are established in the bodies of people possessing the identical group. According to Edgren, et al. (2010), isoantibodies take place adjacent to antigens A and/or B especially in those people who are short of indistinguishable antigens in their particular blood. However, Antibodies serve up as haemagglutinins that leads to the clustering and breaking apart of the blood cells when they hold some unknown antigens with them (Wolpin, Chan, Hartge, Chanock, Kraft, Hunter, & Fuchs, 2009). Ultimately, this is a unsympathetic reaction with an adaptive response and functional at the side of body contamination and can lead to death after coming across with huge stuffings of the cells consequent to blood transfusion. However, A and B antigens are personalized chemically all the way through a predecessor appearance found in individual having type O blood group whereby people having type A and B antigens are talented to recognize blood from people with type O blood group. Stussi, Huggel, Lutz, Schanz, Rieben, and Seebach (2005) argue that, newborns do not have anti-A and anti-B antibodies, but they develop in the initial years of creature life. The two are IgM category and they do not get ahead of to the fetal blood passage through the placenta. Individuals with blood cluster A1 spawn anti-H antibodies because of adaptation of H antigen towards A1 antigen. H antigen is the antecedent to ABO blood group antigens instituted in individuals having all normal blood types. A good number of ABO antigens is found at the end of stretched polyctosamine chains on crew 3 protein. Testing techniques The blood types are experienced using agglutination tests that show whether an individual has type A or category B blood. Roubinet, Despiau, Calafell, Jin, Bertanpetit, Saitou, and Blancher (2004) state that, the red cells are experienced using anti-A and anti-B together with testing of serum or plasma using A and B scarlet cells. The frontward grouping is competent of identifying the antigens originating in the red cells. This is done by testing the benefactor or the recipient’s scarlet cells using anti-A, and anti-B sera. However, reagents are made from a quantity of hyperimmunized creature sources or the monoclonal antibodies. Hayden, et al. (2006) states that, these antibodies resulted to amplification of the antibodies and spread of the communicable ailment. There is also the turn-around grouping or back-typing or serum verification whereby existence of antibodies in the plasma or serum is identified. This allows authentication of the response found from the forward alignment test after testing the plasma/serum from the contributor or the beneficiary by means of group A and B crimson cells. Reagent A1 cells and B cells are used to examine the serum (Wolpin, et al. 2009). The third examination technique is the rhesus blood cluster (Rh) whereby red cells are rhesus typed and it is indomitable through inspection of their reactions with anti-D serum (Storry, & Olsson, 2009). This does not necessitate the habitual testing of Rh antigens for the reason that, there is absence of naturally stirring Rhesus antibodies. The ABO typing involves uncovering of antigens in cooperation with antibodies. ABO Subgroups and ABO Blood grouping discrepancies The ABO subgroups take account of, blood groups A, B, AB and O. It is clear that people with blood cluster type A, have antibodies that are in opposition to category B in the blood. However, people with blood set B have antibodies in the blood that are not in favor of category A. Hosoi (2008) states that, those people with blood collection AB do not have anti-A. as well as anti-B antibodies in their blood. Moreover, people with blood collection type O or the universal givers have blood with antibodies of all the ABO categories and can be given to people with other blood kinds (Stussi, et al. 2005). There are some inconsistencies that are connected to ABO blood sorting and they include; The results of the examination techniques, that is, forward and overturn typing are supposed to have the same opinion even before exposure of the blood type (Storry, & Olsson, 2009, 56). However, if they fail to be in an agreement, the origin of the disagreement must be identified. Failure to determination to the incongruity requires the character to report the blood category as (UNKNOWN) and supply the group O blood to the beneficiary. Discrepancies in the blood sorting lead to bringing forth of transfusion rejoinder, but they can be avoided by comprehensive analysis of the blood sorting. Roubinet, et al. (2004) say that, some of the sources of inaccuracy leading to ABO discrepancies are; failure to put in the reagents, clerical mistake, missed scrutiny of the haemolysis, a combination in the samples, unhygienic and poor eminent reagents, cell suspension, contaminated glassware, and uncalibrated centrifuge. Ultimately, there is unexpected reactions during the experiments as a result of fragile reaction or lack of antibodies. Conclusion It is apparent that ABO blood group system is very significant in human blood transfusion. The ABO blood group system as discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner after doing some lab examinations and came up with the different groupings. Classification of human blood is done according to the existence or deficiency of antigens. There are various subgroups of ABO blood group classification and they include, A, B, AB, and O blood types. Blood types are present at birth. It is apparent that, grouping or sorting of ABO blood involves some techniques such as frontward and reverse typing. The forward typing is a practice used to examine the antigens and reverse sorting method is used to examine the antibodies. ABO blood grouping is associated with some inconsistencies whereby the results of the sorting process might be having some errors. This is lead by use of poor eminent reagents, poor mix of the samples, cell suspension, and some clerical mistakes among others. References Edgren, G., Hjalgrim, H., Rostgaard, K., Norda, R., Wikman, A., Melbye, M., & Nyrén, O. (2010). Risk of gastric cancer and peptic ulcers in relation to ABO blood type: a cohort study. American journal of epidemiology, 172(11), 1280-1285. Hayden, O., Mann, K. J., Krassnig, S., & Dickert, F. L. (2006). Biomimetic ABO Blood‐Group Typing. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 45(16), 2626-2629. Hosoi, E. (2008). Biological and clinical aspects of ABO blood group system. J Med Invest, 55(3-4), 174-182. Loua, A., Lamah, M. R., Haba, N. Y., & Camara, M. (2007). [Frequency of blood groups ABO and rhesus D in the Guinean population]. Transfusion clinique et biologique: journal de la Societe francaise de transfusion sanguine, 14(5), 435-439. Roubinet, F., Despiau, S., Calafell, F., Jin, F., Bertanpetit, J., Saitou, N., & Blancher, A. (2004). Evolution of the O alleles of the human ABO blood group gene. Transfusion, 44(5), 707-715. Storry, J. R., & Olsson, M. L. (2009). The ABO blood group system revisited: a review and update. Immunohematology, 25(2), 48-59.. Stussi, G., Huggel, K., Lutz, H. U., Schanz, U., Rieben, R., & Seebach, J. D. (2005). Isotype‐specific detection of ABO blood group antibodies using a novel flow cytometric method. British journal of haematology, 130(6), 954-963. Wolpin, B. M., Chan, A. T., Hartge, P., Chanock, S. J., Kraft, P., Hunter, D. J., ... & Fuchs, C. S. (2009). ABO blood group and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Read More

The system is also significance in medical treatment of some illnesses whereby one requires preface of a quantity of blood in his or her blood and it is only done by being familiar with the respective blood group of the patient. Transfusion of the erroneous blood into the patient is a clinical fault that can lead to the demise of the patient, thus the need of identifying the blood set carefully. The ABO blood group systems are also vital clinically whereby antibodies are developed not in favor of antigens, such as autoantibodies being developed in opposition to self-antigens and alloantibodies developed not in favor of the unfamiliar antigens.

According to Loua, Lamah, Haba, and Camara (2007), ABO blood group system prevents happening of demolition of the inhabitant red cells, foetal scarlet cells, and the transfused red cells. Genetics and biochemistry It is apparent that blood groups of children are present at birth whereby the ABO genetic material and three categories of alleles that are secondary from the classical heredity forbid the ABO blood type. There is the DNA programmed as glycosyltransferase, which is an enzyme amending carbohydrate material found in the red blood cubicle antigens.

Some of the alleles of the ABO genetic material are A101 (A1), A201 (A2), A101 (B1), O01 (O1), O02 (O1V), and O03 (O2). It is clear that, the IA allele presents category A, IB gives brand B, and 1 awards kind O. Hosoi (2008) found out that, both IA and IB are the most important in excess of 1. Moreover, only 2 people enclose blood category O. Majority of inhabitants with IAIA or IA1 contain blood brand A. Nevertheless, people with IBIB or IB1 boast blood category B. It is apparent that, IAIB populace possess the two phenotypes.

This is because A and B express an unexpected governance association whereby individuals with type A and B are talented in giving delivery to a young person who is AB. It is apparent that distribution of blood groups A, B, O, and AB differs globally and it depends with the inhabitants (Storry, & Olsson, 2009). An infant might become heir to blood according to the genotypes, AO and AA that are tested as type A, and BO and BB experienced as type B. Antigens and antibodies ABO blood group classification has a fundamental principle that antigens whereby sugars are physically revealed from the outdoor part of the red blood cells are different in individual bodies of human being, having a number of immunological forbearance towards stuffs that occur in persons’ bodies (Loua, Lamah, Haba, & Camara, 2007).

Consequently, humans articulate sioantibodies or antibodies that are in opposition to the isoantigens. Isoantigens are a quantity of usual components that are established in the bodies of people possessing the identical group. According to Edgren, et al. (2010), isoantibodies take place adjacent to antigens A and/or B especially in those people who are short of indistinguishable antigens in their particular blood. However, Antibodies serve up as haemagglutinins that leads to the clustering and breaking apart of the blood cells when they hold some unknown antigens with them (Wolpin, Chan, Hartge, Chanock, Kraft, Hunter, & Fuchs, 2009).

Ultimately, this is a unsympathetic reaction with an adaptive response and functional at the side of body contamination and can lead to death after coming across with huge stuffings of the cells consequent to blood transfusion. However, A and B antigens are personalized chemically all the way through a predecessor appearance found in individual having type O blood group whereby people having type A and B antigens are talented to recognize blood from people with type O blood group. Stussi, Huggel, Lutz, Schanz, Rieben, and Seebach (2005) argue that, newborns do not have anti-A and anti-B antibodies, but they develop in the initial years of creature life.

The two are IgM category and they do not get ahead of to the fetal blood passage through the placenta. Individuals with blood cluster A1 spawn anti-H antibodies because of adaptation of H antigen towards A1 antigen.

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