The Term Planning and Design - Essay Example

? Number: Unit and Number: Lecturer of Assignment: due: Everywhere in the world people speak of change, the impact they can bring and what they can do as an individuals or as group, as professionals or as leaders. Whenever we do things in any way there must be a medium through which we do it and there must be recipient of our actions. In the world of architecture things are not different; we greatly impact on the life of people, their life styles greatly improve or deteriorate. The designers though design in a room but do not leave in isolation as per see. Our values, our taste and our aesthetic values are the end products of our settings where we are staying our psychological experiences are derived from the world around us. In giving out designs, it is more than a single structure which is put on sight by an architecture, but it involve the general context through which the building is built, it involve the texture, the format, the color, the material used the fore ground and the compatibility of the styles and decoration as a whole. This is what is called the vocabulary of styles in architectural designs. Many cities in the world evolve from nothing to something through trial and error method of development. Darwinism talks of human beings as evolving organism but in the same way buildings can be compared by changing human beings or organism. The ways through which land is being used constantly changes buildings are being renovated demolished and restructured and designed to take a new shape. Changes in technology brings new breadth in the field of architecture, impossible structures have come up old ways of doing things have been rendered obsolete by new technology. In our discussion we will be able to; Define the term planning and design Discuss the deconstructivism theory in urban development Discuss historical development of urban centers, major focus of Paris and critically analyze the weakness and strength of this theory in respect to development of Paris plan Explain why the planning of Paris is the best Urban planning can be defined as the specific arrangement through which the urban structured are placed while designing can be said to be the general road map or a particular approach to achieve unique expectation, so the word urban planning and design can be said to be a specific arrangement through which the urban structured arranged in order to achieve specific unique expectation. Urban centers are evolving and changing work in progress and in most cases reflect the cultural practices of the people in that cities, apart from cultural reflection they also reflect religious practices ,economic practices and political practices of the people, the people plans and designs the cities in their own taste and preferences. “Nature prepares the site and man organizes it in order to satisfy his desires and needs.” (Quoted in Rapoport (1969) house form and culture). Egyptians pyramids create an impact during the pharos time and in the history of architect, and it was like deconstructivism theory which was being used at this point in construction and designing of the pyramids out of the wholes, the technology was poor and the structure were filthy not like the modern times, example of the structure is below. In historical development of cities like Harappa’s gives the architectural lime light, following earlier settlement which was the oldest planned cities as they were raised above the sea level to prevent flooding in the area the Daros in particular very many people in them settling there. The rise of Olympia city which was developed above the sea level to prevent flood is an example of modern scientific architectural design of city planning. Gradually over a period of times and the designs taken is influence by some specific social economic factors weather conditions. We can see the major social factors and economic factors being put in place and perhaps the success of the city plan so architectural is being brought out as all round phenomenal not is isolation art. The development of Paris city can be traced way back in the 4th century before its revolution that is in 1800 it was given birth through the development of small villages called La Cite, the name Paris was derived from its former name Lutetia which simply means place near the swamp. The early inhabitant of Paris were majorly herdsmen, boatmen, fishermen and foresters which were major economic activities in the city, this made them to be very much prosperous in the city, due to this prosperous nature of the city the Roman empire conquered the Lutetia city in the year 51B.C, this made the Lutetia town to prosper further more so in the junction between Seine and the North, the Barbarians used to attack the city and this made to built a wall around the city to prevent them from the frequent attack, it is essential to see that the approach was speculative diconstructivism approach in implementing the plan. After the collapsed of the Roman Empire in 476 AD and the Carolingians and Merovingian’s took over the city of Paris in the 9th century which they destroy and brought it down through the Vikings. At this point is where the architectural stated to come up and it was the era of King Philippe August way back in the 12th century. The city was surrounded by a another wall but at this point the city was increasingly expanding, new growth started up along major roads and this was due to lack of enough space within the city, at this point deconstructivism theory of expansion was used to create space so that the increase population could get a space to settle and the socialism urbanism in the development. The city of Paris was faced with another crisis in the 16th century, there was immense population increase which cause strain on the social amenities within the cities, the authority had to stop the people from using private carries to help decongest the city, the economic activities started to decline in high rate, the city lost his glory of religious and integrity as the catholic church used to attack the protestant churches, the theory of socialism and religious took the center stage in the reconstruction and planning of the city, in order to improve the living standard and restore law and order there was establishment of the police force which was establish in 1667, Charles V. demolished the wall and cours were build instead at this point the concept of the ring road was introduced to create space which was diconstructivism The Paris France has unusual architectural models, and the current modern buildings gradually developed from the older styles through stages and theories. The city of Paris evolved out of the walls and most historians argue that fact has given Paris some logic that the city of London and city of Boston do not have the wall of ring road surround the city. The Medieval Period (1100-1526) also gives a very interesting history in the development of the Paris architectural the building and structure that is in the year of 52 BC the Roman conquer the City of Paris the roman use a lot of authoritarian approach to implement their policies which was not welcome very much during this period, the leaders and politician use their power without broad look of other social issue, architecture is not in isolation it should incorporate all aspect of human and environmental factors. Fig 1.2 During the Renaissance period that is around 1515-1643, new development started taking place, this is the time the France government took over the Paris city which turned out to be very much beneficial to the Parisian people, art and their architecture, Francis was a man who loves art so much and he also loves reading compared to other monarchs who were in power before, his councils was full of the most creative artisan Henard’s theory’s , some of his council he hired include Leonardo da Vinci and also some Italian architects who greatly help him to renovate Louvre and he was one of the champion of the deconstructivism theory of expansion of the city alongside French philosophers Jacque Derrida. When renaissance arrived in Paris he was only compared with Henry VIII of England but without many wives’. There were emergence of new building in France and renaissance in his philosophy insisted of the sense that humans should be equal in all the other art including architecture. This is the time classical architecture emerged in France. In the above picture it can be seen that the building is taking a kind of human shape showing the impact of renaissance ideas in the development of architectural designs. By 1545 after the death of the Francis the city was brought down by the catholic and Protestants who had religious conflict and differences, luckily enough the chaos were brought to a standstill by the king Henry the IV after his conversion to Catholicism. His major contribution was the changing the gate of entry into the city and also encouraging the private developer’s like Louise Le Barbie. During this period a lot of urban planning and design took place and actually influences the current architectural designs. The Paris city designers incorporates socialism approach which was good for its development and growth The period during the birth of post modern design and architecture, deconstructivism brings various styles in architecture which overlaps to post modernism and it can be seen from the development of Paris city at different time interval in the history of the urban development. In the 17th century the period of classicism and Baroque in French, a lot of activities and development took place in terms of urban planning and architectural designs. The Baroque style did not actually originate in Paris but the actual climax took place in France that is fifty years later after its development in Italy. The style was championed by king Louse the XIV and the style majorly emphasized the total floor plan which was regarded as superhuman massive outlook. The king used the architectural design to reflect his throne and power and Baroque was the Kings palace since the King Louse was not fond of Paris at that time. Colbert who was the king superintendent was left in charge of Paris since he had a better understanding of the importance of the city, he developed a good plan for the city and commissioned the buildings which were inspired by classicism of Rome. It is the classical style during this period which was commissioned by Colbert and this was his legacy in the city of Paris, most hotels in Par is took this architectural style like the Hotel des Invalides (Fig 1.4). Other inventions of this period include the mansard roof style and the “oeil de boeuf” window s. this was true architectural design and plan still outstanding up to date in Paris and it has a great influence. The way the planning was embrace in Paris was amazing because of the humanitarian nature the theory followed. Louse the XIV was regarded that he is immortal and could live forever but that ended around 1713 and a new era of was ushered in a round 1715-1774 called Rococo who was brought by the Louse grandson, Baroque style was exhausted and exorbitant tax from the merchant discouraged the investors from pursuing it still. This was a period of intellectual maturity in Paris, there was change in the architectural style which was meant to supplement the new ideas of the Voltaire and Rousseau, and Rococo became one of the popular styles. In this period big architectural buildings sprung using the idea of imitating the line of grottoes and shells. One of the outstanding hotels of this time was Hotel de Matignon where the current premier of France lives currently This is the typical style of rococo which was built between the years 1715-1774. Classism still has a lot of influence in the architectural field. It brought with it a lot of practical aspects in the field of architecture, things like smoke gadgets were installed in the buildings during that time the outward arrangement of the rooms were taken into consideration and the current residential and private life of today can be said that it originated from that time, the rococo style still influence the planning and design world up to date. Towards the end of the 18 century and early 19th century the era of Neo-classicism came into the sport line in the world of design. It was the reign of King Louise the XVI it was realized that the way dress fashion changes the same way architectural designs can also change, nobody actually new that there could be another style more than rococo but the symmetrical classical style emerged, it was as a result of deep study of both the Roman and the Greek architectural designs and what come out was a more intellectual style which was not based on any bodies taste and preference but on the scientific logic, theories and design, more elegant buildings come up and the architectural field changed. “ during the summer of 1789 during the destruction of Bastille and the stones it was built with was changed into souvenirs and people would practically sell out the fragment concrete of the Berlin wall that is about two centuries after the event” ( Erick Hazan, L, Invention de Paris, 2002) After revolution in 1803 and 1840 the restoration of the Paris empire began and it restoration, it was the era of Consulate, the restoration, and empire. It was the era of Napoleon which they stated creating and rebuilding of the city of Paris new decoration began and it was boosted by many archeological discoveries and excavations, in order to create employment in Paris, which was economic approach in planning, Napoleon set up more construction companies but his era was short lived and ended abruptly in 1815 This was the greatest architectural design during the Napoleon period and at this time modern building and styles began to sprung and the image of building industry as a whole. The industrial revolution started changing the structural organization both political, economical religious realignment of the city of Paris. By early 20th century the renovation started to take place under the Haussmann, third republic. With the dream of Napoleon III in hired Sheer Luck who took the perfect work of renovating the city of Paris, very many structural come up during this period and once again Paris was back into the lime light of architectural design example of the building during that period is the Figure 1.8(Fig 1.8). In the 1893-1917 Art Nouveau style of architectural design came in place and it lasted up to the beginning of World War I it was the time in which new young architectures across Europe undertook to study the use of iron and how it can be used to construct useful and magnificent buildings in Europe the picture at right (Fig 1.9) is just but the end result of their study and examples of the buildings which are in place by then. By this time modern movement began and it was by the end of World War I, the architecture took the advantage of the cool period to come up with elegant angular shaped structures which was adopted in the Paris building industry and the example of the angular shaped building is picture Fig 2.0. The new residential areas began and the movement brought the modern building styles being used up to date. During the post war more discoveries took place and more beautiful buildings both rectangular and mansion ate building stated to come up the architecture was reaching climax due to the peaceful nature of the city. .Other radical changes also took place in the urban planning. By 1980 president Mitterrand usher anew architectural idea and concept which was meant to move the Paris city to the new millennium it was called the grand travaux it was received with mixed reaction but the most important it was accepted by the architectures. Conclusion In speculative urban development, human consideration, cultural practices religious practices and the presence human need motivated the development of these urban centers were incorporated in coming up with the new design and planning. In the development of the Roman city, the tensional and compression factors took the center stage and the human factors like religious belief and practices were ignored, it met a lot of resistance from the people though both of them used authoritarian approach in implementing there development and designing plans. The human factors need to be included in any kind of planning for it to proceed and embrace in all aspect like the Paris urban planning and design were embrace in France and the whole of Europe. This change in a number of theories which the Paris went through can be experience in the discussion. The radical changes and physical alteration which was brought by Haussmann’s in Paris marked one of the most important times of the decaying city. The Haussmann’s plan and that of Henards were the same the only difference was on the social perspective in which they embraces in the development of the city. While Haussmann was supported by middle class earners in his ideologist of urban planning, Henards were majorly linked to the intellectual class of people, the work of Henards shifted on emphasis on majorly on visually oriented planning, the social economic factors were also focused on in his planning and this made the city planning to be the most outstanding one in Europe. In planning the urban setting, the social cultural factors need to be considers, political factors and religious factors this is what made the Paris to succeed in their plan so I may recommend the combination of ; Political Cultural Economical Religious and social factors in any urban planning. 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U.S. Department of the Interior, Hydro geologic Framework of the Puget Sound Aquifer System, Washington and British Columbia, 1998. Photographs & Illustrations Fig 1.0 Egyptian pyramids archive Wikipedia Slackman, Michael (17 November 2008). "In the Shadow of a Long Past, Patiently Awaiting the Future". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/17/world/middleeast/17cairo.html. Retrieved 1 May 201 Fig. 1.1 Olympia city plan archives. Banister Fletcher. A History of Architecture. Boston: Butterworths, 1987. ISBN 0-408-01587-X. NA200.F63 1987. discussion p570, 573. — The classic text of architectural history. Expanded 1996 edition available at Amazon.com Fig 1.2 to Fig2.2 Paris Notes, the Newsletter for, People Who Love Paris structures www.parisnotes.com/architecture/parisbuildings.html Read More