Professional Aquation Levels Reverse through Resistance Training - Term Paper Example

Nutrition - Laboratory Report Do athlete hydration levels differ during endurance exercise between drinking an isotonic drink and water? Introduction: One of the main physiological aspects to be maintained in athletic performance by the sportsperson is hydration. During exercise, the muscle inefficiently uses up energy from food, much of the energy being dissipated as heat. As a response, body produces sweat to cool it; its excessive evaporation causes dehydration. The amount of dehydration in turn depends upon intensity and duration of exercise, temperature, humidity etc. (Williams and Devlin, 1994), To replace the fluid loses it becomes important to drink before, after and during the activity, failure of which may lead to severe dehydration that in turn might bring about heat stroke. Even low level of dehydration is found to have profound psychological effect. (Burke and Deakin, 1994)Drinking during the exercise aims to provide water and electrolytes that were lost in sweat and the carbohydrate as a supplement to energy store. The choice of the drink depends upon, whether the aim is to replace fluid loss or provide carbohydrate or both. The drinks varies as isotonic – that is absorbed faster and replaces fluids and provides carbohydrate, hypertonic- absorbed slowly and is high in carbohydrate content, hypotonic- absorbed quickly but low in carbohydrate. There was a time when only water was considered as a drink during exercise but now market is flooded with lots of sports drink that claims to be more effective than water. (Coyle, 1994) Now the market for the sports drink has exploded, with more people’s thinking that water alone doesn’t provide all needed nutrients. Still now there is debate in the arena as which fluid increases the athlete’s exhaustion time.( Maugham etal., 1993) In this background there had been many studies and researches that try to test the efficacy of different sport drinks, carbohydrate fluid against water to find out which is efficient in increasing the sport person’s endurance level. In a study done by Tsintzas etal(1996), they tried to test the Influence of carbohydrate supplementation early in exercise on endurance running capacity, the result of which showed that consumption of an isotonic drink early in exercise leads to a subsequent 14% improvement in endurance performance. This gave up a lead to our study that aims to test the hypothesis that the isotonic drink ingested during exercise time increases the exercise time. Hypothesis: Isotonic drink ingested during exercise will increase the exercise time and also will lead to better hydration levels. Methods and Procedure: The sample size of the study is three participants with 2 female and a male. The Mean age of the participant’s is19.5 yrs old +/- 1.5yrs. The participants were briefed about the procedure and aim of the study and informed consent was obtained from them. Before starting the experiment they were made to answer a Pre-medical questionnaire to check out for any medical complications. Before the start the experiment day, the pre experiment fluid and food intake of the participants were controlled. The daily intake level of water for each participant was calculated using the International Sports Medicine Institutes formula (½ ounce of water per pound of body weight) i.e. on a rough calculation 60% of total daily amount used. The participants were allowed to drink water only the exact amount of calculated water. The food pattern was as light breakfast and lunch without additional fluid as milk, and strictly prohibited from consuming caffeine and alcohol. On the day of experiment, drinks (water for all the three & sports drink Lucozade) and were made up in 1L opaque bottles with sweetener added to all to disguise taste. To avoid bias, drinks were allocated a letter by a third party to double blind the study and the experimenters and participants did not know which was which. On arrival all the participants were asked to drink 1/3 of the allocated drink (approx 330 ml), then their Resting Heart-Rate, glucose and hematacrit values were taken. The participant exercise start time was staggered to allow better experimenter control.  They all had an initial 3 minutes warm up, followed by start up exercise without load on the bike at 60 rpm. Their heart rate was monitored throughout the exercise once in every 5 minutes. They had a fluid intake of 100 ml (scales accurate to 1 mg) every 10 min – making up to 6 times. Glucose was measurements also taken after each participant had finished their drink. After drink was finished, resistance was added to the ergo meters to illicit exhaustion (1kg every 5 minutes) .RPE was checked throughout .Post hematacrit and glucose measurements was taken after exhaustion and the time to exhaustion recorded. Results: The results obtained when ingested water and when ingested Lucozade is shown separately. When ingested Water: Participants Ex stopped (min) Rest Hematacrit Post Hematacrit Resting Glucose After drink Glucose Post Glucose Load achieved (kg) L 62 43 46 5.8 3.9 5.4 1 J 66 41 41 7.5 4.8 5.9 2 H 74 43 46 4.9 4.9 5.3 3 When ingested Lucozade: Participants Ex stopped (min) Rest Hematacrit Post Hematacrit Resting Glucose After drink Glucose Post Glucose Load achieved (kg) L 67 41 44 4.9 6.5 6.6 2 J 68 39 39 6.3 5.8 8.1 2 H 74 42 46 7.5 7.2 7.5 3 An overall comparison of values in participant when ingested water and Lucozade: From the results it could be seen subjects L and H were able to exercise for longer, and reached higher loads with lucozade.Post glucose levels were found to be higher when drinking lucozade. The results were analyzed in SPSS using a non parametric, 2 related samples difference test (Wilcoxon). On analysis, a significant difference between resting and post hematacrit values (p=0.05), was seen, irrespective of the type of drink ingested. This shows that hydration status changed for all participants during the experiment. But when seen overall no significant differences were found between the different drinks for the variables measured.  Discussion:  Thus on completion our results did not show any significant findings between exercise endurance factors and the two different drinks. On this two of the subjects exercised for longer when they were allocated to the lucozade drink, and all participants had higher post glucose values when drinking lucozade. These differences were not found to be significant, but suggest that the isotonic drink does help maintain glucose levels during exercise better than water. So we have decided to reject our experimental hypothesis and accept the null hypothesis.  A study conducted by Jason etal (2005) tried to assess the effect of milk ingestion on prolonged exercise capacity in young healthy man. The result of study conducted on 8 healthy men should that the exhaustion time was not prolonged by any of the drink ingested but there was a tendency to exercise longer when carbohydrate drink or milk was ingested when compared to water. Another study done by Camilla Nassif etal on 9 young male showed that a double blind study of carbohydrate ingestion did not significantly improve the exercise duration. Limitations:  The VO2max test on James failed and the other participants did not show up on the VO2max testing day. Then the VO2max was predicted and supposed to be working at 40% of VO2max. But actually two participants worked at 60% of their VO2max based on their aged predicted HRmax. No resistance was observed on the bike, but was increased quite rapidly. The participants stopped exercise due to discomfort and muscle fatigue. On the second week participants watched a movie. Although advised on fluid intake before the experiment not sure how rigidly the participants adhered to recommended guidelines. Some data lost after drink hematacrit due to broken samples. Another limitation of the study is a very small sample size.  Conclusion:   Thus from our findings we cannot accurately conclude that either of the drinks has a more beneficial effect on endurance. Lucozade seems to help maintain glucose levels and can lead to a small increase in exercise time. When repeated next time, a larger sample usage might give significant results. Also stricter controls on pre experiment testing (VO2 max) and fluid intake before exercise should be followed to obtain accurate results. References: 1. C. Williams and J.T. Devlin (1994), 'Foods, Nutrition and Sports Performance,' ed. pp 147-178 2. L. Burke and V. Deakin (1994)'Clinical Sports Nutrition,' ed., pp 333-364 3. E.F. Coyle (1994). 'Fluid and carbohydrate replacement during exercise: how much and why?.' Sports Science Exchange, 50, vol. 7, no. 3 4. Maughan, Leiper & Shirreffs (1996). 'Rehydration and recovery after exercise.' Sports Science Exchange, 62, vol. 9, no. 3 5. Jason K.W. Lee, Ronald J. Maughan, Susan M. Shirreffs and Phillip Watson, 2008 Effects of milk ingestion on prolonged exercise capacity in young, healthy men, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 4, April 2008, Pages 340-347 6. Camila Nassif, Ana Paula Araujo Ferreira, Aline Regina Gomes, Luciana De Martin Silva, Emerson Silami Garcia and Frank E. Marino , Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport ,Volume 11, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages 72-79 Read More