The Principle of Dynamic Correspondence Concept - Term Paper Example

Principles of Dynamic Correspondence Introduction The principle of dynamic correspondence concept stresses that all exercises for a specific sport ought to be chosen in order to improve the required sport movement patterns/motor qualities. They are chosen according to the following criterions, the direction/amplitude of the movement, the accentuated region of the force production, the dynamics of effort, the time and rate of the maximum force of production, and the regime of the muscular work. The theory further recommends that the strength shown in the accomplishment of a particular movement be stated to only in the context of the particular task being performed (Myszka, 2011). Use of Olympic Weightlifting in Strength and Conditioning There are many uses of Olympic weightlifting in strength and conditioning. Olympic lifting maximizes an individual’s vertical jump. The training model specificity suggests that exercises that have the same movement patterns and joint angles to vertical jumping are supposed to generate the greatest enhancement in jumping performance. Ballistic resistance exercises such as Olympic lifts require movement with low resistance at high velocities. These exercises can project the body or an object into free space. When training for explosive movements, moderately light ballistic exercises are the most appropriate models and they offer the greatest probability from enhancement in vertical jump performance (Barfield and Channell, 2008). Other than maximizing the individual’s vertical jump, they improve his coordination, balance, the rate of force development (RFD), flexibility, neutral activation, muscular power, and it develops the person’s fast twitch muscle fibres (Woodrup, 2008). Olympic weightlifters use high-frequency training and the benefit of such training is that shorter and frequent training sessions permit recovery and nutrient intake between the sessions. Thus, allowing decreased levels of fatigue at the end of the training sessions and this leads to higher-intensity training (Fleck and Kraemer, 2007). The frequent short-duration sessions put into consideration the workout quality since it is important for improvement. However, Olympic weightlifters utilize resistance training to prepare physically for the competitions. This is because the competitions entail lifting weights that of various types such as snatch, clean and jerk. Sport specific techniques are also practiced when they execute these exercises in training. Although Olympic weightlifters use high-training frequencies, rest and the recovery of individual muscle group is allowed (Fleck and Kraemer, 2007). The significance of power, agility, speed, and strength in the success of a football player is widely accepted by both sport scientists and coaches. A number of studies have demonstrated the capability of these performance variables when predicting the success of college football players. Their training programs have integrated several Olympic weightlifting exercises into the resistance training programs. It appears that a high force and a high velocity-training program such as Olympic weightlifting are advantageous for power and strength development. It is important to note that weightlifting utilizes exercises that combine high velocity and high force movements and it is suitable for the development of the athlete’s speed, power, and strength (Hoffman et al., 2004). Mechanical Rationale Physiological and Mechanical Rationale for Using Olympic Weightlifting Olympic lifts are categorized as speed-strength exercises; this is based on the fact that they feature both the speed and a force component (strength). The lifts are exceptional in that, the resistance created is accelerated up the body’s natural line and gravity acts to minimize the load (Gamble, 2009). This indicates that, it is not necessary for the neuromuscular system to interfere by breaking the barbell motion. A vital element of the work done when doing Olympic lifts is the elevation of the athlete’s centre of mass. The external load (a barbell) is held throughout the movements; if the barbell is still moving upwards at the end of the concentric phase, the lifter’s feet simply come off the floor. The average mechanical power output for the Olympic lifts is 3000W and 2950W for the barbell and the clean respectively (Gamble, 2009). Thus, the force generates lift accelerating up the athlete’s body natural line. The gains in the concentric power output are generally attributed to high-velocity strength and improvements in RFD. Increased RFD levels have been reported after Olympic training with simultaneous achievements in performance test (shot put distance) and Olympic lift (snatch) 1-RM scores” (Gamble, 2009). In turn, intramuscular and intermuscular coordination components are involved in these adaptations. The intermuscular coordination impacts are seen in the preferential recruitment of high force (high threshold) motor units, and the reduction in coordination of the antagonist muscles. Advances in intramuscular coordination are shown in enhanced ability of the individual motor units to fire quickly for short durations; this underpins RFD improvements. Other adaptations in the intramuscular coordination entail neuromuscular learning impacts associated with the rapid muscular contractions. These neural strategies involve anticipatory priming of the motor units and overriding inhibitory input during the duration immediately before the initiation of movement (Gamble, 2009). The Extent to Which the Skills Involved In Weightlifting Satisfy the Criteria of Dynamic Correspondence for a Football Player Sprinting Athletes such as football players and basketball players perform resistance training in order to physically prepare their bodies for particular competitions. They also ought to perform skill practice and other forms of sport specific conditioning to fully prepare for the competition (Fleck and Kraemer, 2007). Thus, like an Olympic weightlifter, the principles of dynamic correspondence still apply to the football player sprinting. High resistance training is one of the skills performed in Olympic weightlifting and it is also used in football training. The essence of the training is to strengthen and condition the body for the specific activity to be performed both in the training and during the competition. The muscular contractions utilized in the sport skill ought to match the training methods used. Just like Olympic weightlifters sprinters (and in this case a footballer sprinting) highly depend on the reactive strength (Dechant, 2010). The sprint capability over long distances (above 30 m), and short distances (under 10 m) are regarded by most practitioners and researchers to require specific and separate strength qualities (Harris, 2008). Kinetics and Kinematics of Olympic Weightlifting Movements In Comparison To a Footballer Sprinting Olympic lifters are said to generate high velocity and power when executing countermovement jumps whether they are loaded or not. They also show superior strength (1-RM squat) compared to sprinters. Thus, it can be stated that “Olympic lift training is similarly effective in sprint training and more effective than powerlifting training in developing dynamic power, and more effective than sprint training in developing maximal strength” (Gamble, 2009). It is important to note that in dynamic movements against resistance, Olympic weightlifters perform better than sprinters. This superior performance indicates that Olympic lifting has the strength to create the ability to generate the power against resistance. Thus, the potential benefits of using heavy load speed-strength training (in particular the utilization of Olympic lifts) in contact sports such as rugby football. The kinematic and kinetic specificity of Olympic lifts in regard to vertical jump movements are said to develop speed-strength in a manner that transfers it to the jumping performance (Gamble, 2009). Examples of Other Training Means Which Have a Higher/Lower Correspondence to a Footballer’s Sprinting Performance Flexibility training can have a higher/lower correspondence to a footballer’s sprinting performance. An athlete must be capable of generating movement, and this indicates that improving sports performance requires full development of active ROM and not passive ROM. A sprinter is supposed to have sufficient active ROM in the hamstrings and hip flexors to comfortably accomplish full hip extension and full knee lift at the running gait’s toe-off point to ensure a full stride length and a good technique. It can be argued that any more passive static created through the passive static stretching cannot offer any extra benefit. This is because the joint angular speeds when sprinting are relatively high (Brandon, 2003). Evidence Does Weightlifting Actually Improve Sports Performance? A number of studies have examined the relationship between exercises in weightlifting and jump performance. In one study conducted by Canavan and other researchers, hang power snatch movements from above the knee were compared to those of the no countermovement (of the concentric type ) vertical jumps. The authors used collegiate athletes who were aware or familiar with the exercises. They concluded that there were similarities in the maximal power, relative power, time to maximal power, maximal force and the time to maximal force between the vertical jump movements and hang power snatch (Hori et al., 2005). Programme Implications The Position of Weightlifting (Olympic Lifts) In the Overall Specificity Continuum of Exercises Majority of the athletes utilize a weight program to enhance and supplement their performance. The main or the primary weightlifting exercises need the greatest muscle mass recruitment in order to execute movement. They complement well majority of the sports activities and they include squat, clean lifts, snatch and deadlift. The mentioned exercises permit the best overall strength attainments and the highest power output (Falco and Fortin, 1997). Comparison against Other Alternative Exercises and Means of Training to Improve Performance for Football There are three methods of training that are generally used to enhance the athletic performance and power of the athletes who take part in dynamic and explosive sports such as basketball, volleyball, football, baseball and a number of track and field events. These training methods include: Traditional resistance training programs linked – it involves a considerable high intensity of training (4-6RM) which is performed at a reasonably slow velocity of movement. The training enhances power output. Plyometric training – the training is used to improve power performance. The training requires an individual (the athlete) to quickly accelerate and decelerate his body weight when in a dynamic movement. A combination of plyometric training and traditional resistance training (ballistic training) – the method improves explosive sports performance and muscular power. It has been shown to improve the power production and it is performed low intensity training (around 30 percent of 1 RM) and a high velocity of training (Hoffman, 2002). Considerations for More General Programming into the Athlete’s Year An athlete’s progressive status becomes the main consideration in the long-term planning (Baechle and Earle, 2008). A periodized program is needs to be tailored, modified and specifically set to meet the demands of a particular sport. Periodization refers to the systematic variation of sets, intensity, and repetitions to peak the athlete’s conditioning ay a particular period of the year. There are five phases of periodized program and they include: 1. The hypertrophy phase – the athletes return to their normal levels after the offseason period. The athlete’s muscle mass is increased in this phase in order to prepare them for the coming high intensity work. The sets are in the range of 8 – 12 repetitions. 2. The strength phase – the athlete is prepared for competition. The resting periods in each set are slightly longer than in the hypertrophy stage (3 -5 minutes). 3. The power phase – it mainly occurs during the season or slightly earlier before the season. Rests in this phase are relatively longer (usually lasting between 7 – 10 minutes). 4. The peaking phase – the athlete peaks for the particular event and playoffs in team sports. Concerning resistance training, it represents the testing of the athlete and it usually features 1 – 3 repetitions. 5. The recovery phase – it can be either an active rest period or a long rest period and it usually happens at the conclusion of the competitive season (Sandler, 2009). The correspondence of derivative exercises satisfies the criteria to a greater extent since the exercises improve the athlete’s explosive sports performance and muscular power. Conclusion Weightlifting and in particular Olympic lifts are regarded as speed-strength exercises. This is because they are based on the fact that they feature both speed and a force component (strength). These two components are also important to a footballer’s sport performance. In order for a footballer to perform maximally in his sporting activity, speed and strength is required and they are offered in weightlifting. The strength and conditioning coach can use the six training phases to improve the athlete’s performance. The training phases are also important in enhancing the athlete’s strength and conditioning. References Baechle, T. R. & Earle, R. W. (2008). Essentials of strength training and conditioning. Leeds, UK: Human Kinetics. Barfield, J. P. & Channell, B. T. (2008). Effect of Olympic and traditional resistance training on vertical jump improvement in high school boys. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1522-1527. Brandon, R. (2003). The performance benefits of flexibility training. Retrieved from http://www.brianmac.co.uk/articles/scni8a1.htm Dechant, Z. (2010, April 20). Sport specific. Zach Dechant Sports Performance Training. Retrieved from http://zachdechant.wordpress.com/2010/04/20/sport-specific/ Falco, F. J. E. & Fortin, J. D. (1997). The biomechanical principles of preventing weightlifting injuries. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: State of the Art Reviews, 11(3), 697-716. Fleck, S. J. & Kraemer, W. J. (2007). Optimizing strength training: Designing nonlinear periodization workouts. Leeds, UK: Human Kinetics. Gamble, P. (2009). Strength and conditioning for team sports: Sport-specific physical preparation for high performance. London, UK: Taylor & Francis. Harris, N. K. (2008). Kinetics and kinematics of strength and power development. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). AUT University. Hoffman, J. (2002). Physiological aspects of sport training and performance. Leeds, UK: Human Kinetics. Hoffman, J. R., Cooper, J., Wendell, M. & Kang, J. (2004). Comparison of Olympic vs. Traditional power lifting training programs in football players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(1), 129-135. Hori, N., Newton, R. U., Nosaka, K. & Stone, M. H. (2005). Weightlifting exercises enhance athletic performance that requires high-load speed strength. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 27(4), 50-55. Mackenzie, B. (1997). Planning the training. Retrieved from http://www.brianmac.co.uk/plan.htm Myszka, S. (2011). Dynamic correspondence: The key to strength training transfer. National Strength and Conditioning Association. Sandler, D. (2009). A sample program for periodizing the general athlete. NSCA’s Performance Training Journal, 1(9), 21-25. Read More