The Application of the Principle of Oxygen Combustion Calorimeter - Lab Report Example

Design Practise Design Practise 1 Abstract: 1 Introduction: 2 Aim: - 2 Objective: - 2 Background: - 3 Results: 3 Results of the Green Carpet: 3 Results of Blue Carpet Burning: 5 Result of the Overlay Sample: 7 Analysis and discussion: 9 Method: 11 Conclusion: 11 Reference: 12 Abstract: The following paper is a report of an experiment that was carried out to find out the different reaction of the different colours and the changes that s bought about n their chemical components, on oxidation through burning. (Huggett C1980) The cone calorimeter is used in the experiment and the samples that are burnt are blue carpet material and green carpet material and the properties that are observed are Sample of mass, Surface Area, Thickness, Heat flux of the experiment, Time of the test, Total heat evolved, Total amount of the oxygen consumed, Smoke released, Mass loss during the experiment, Specific mass loss rate, Average heat release rate, Effective heat of combustion, Mass loss rate, Specific extinction area, Carbon monoxide yield, and Carbon dioxide yield. (Weil, E.D., Hirschler, M.M., Patel, N.G., Said, M.M., and Shakir, S)The experiment aims at application of the principle of oxygen combustion calorimeter. Introduction: Aim: - The am of the experiment that will be conducted is to study the effect of combustion on the values of the various properties of the blue carpet, green carpet and sample overlay, and then compare these. (Babrauskas V 1982)The various properties that are under observance are heat flux of the experiment, mass lost rate, average heat release rate, total amount of oxygen consumed, total heat involved, sample of mass, specific mass loss rate, surface area and thickness of the samples taken, amount of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide that was released, time of the test, the total amount of smoke released, and the amount of mass loss that took place during the experiment. Objective: - The main objective of the experiment that was conducted was to compare the results of the two after combustion. Background: - The experiment is conducted with the help of a cone calorimeter as it helps realise the speed at which the actual unwanted fire would burn, and it is accepted by most scientists as the ideal instrument to make use of when calculating the oxygen consumption in any experiment. (Nyden MR, Babrauskas V 1987) It will also help in providing a rather tentative size of the rate at which the fire would grow and spread, the time that will be available to get away and the amount of smoke that the fire would emit. (Fire Protection Engineering) Results: Results of the Green Carpet: The basic points that have to be noted: The surface area has been kept a constant. The thickness has also been kept at a constant. The mass of the sample has been varied from experiment to experiment. There has been applied a steady increased amount of heat in each consecutive experiment. The time periods in all the tests were a variable. There was a recurring problem in the second sample of the green carpet where all the values were zero. The total heat that was evolved was showing a variable level and it was again a zero value in the second green carpet. The following attributes in the second green carpet has been zero in the total heat evolved, total amount of the oxygen consumed ,smoke released, mass loss during the experiment, specific mass loss rate, average  heat release rate, effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, specific extinction area, carbon monoxide yield and Carbon dioxide yield has been zero.  Parameters Tested First Green Carpet Second Green Carpet Third Green Carpet Fourth Green Carpet Sample of mass 13.68 g 12.95 g 12.65 g 12.17 g Heat flux 25Kw/m square 35Kw/m square 45Kw/m square 50Kw/m square Mass loss rate .025 g/sec .000g/sec .033g/sec .o21g/sec Surface Area 100 cm square 100 cm square 100 cm square 100 cm square Thickness 5.50Mn 5.50Mn 5.50Mn 5.50Mn Total Heat evolved 25.9 MJ/m square 0 MJ/M square 309 MJ/m square 28.2 MJ/m square Mass loss 9 g 0.0 g 8.1 g 9.6 g Time of test 495 seconds 0 seconds 265 seconds 460 seconds Average heat released rate 57.53Kw/m square 0Kw/m square 1237.76Kw/m square 62.30Kw/m square Specific Mass loss rate 2.45 g/ ms square 0.0 g/ ms square 8.1 g/ms square 9.6 g/ ms square Total amount of oxygen consumed 18.6 g 0.0 g -1174.7 g 20.0 g Carbon Monoxide yield 0.0141 kg/kg 0.000 kg/kg 0.0239 kg/kg 0.0239 kg/kg Specific extinction area 131.71 m square/kg 0.00 m square/kg 547.70 m square/kg 423.16 m square/kg Effective heat of combustion 23.10 MJ/Kg 0.0 MJ/Kg 380.66 MJ/ Kg 29.21MJ/Kg Smoke released 393.9 M square m square 0 M square m square 486.2 M square m square 517.9 M square m square Carbon Dioxide yield 1.52 kg/kg 0.00 kg/kg 1.90 kg/kg 1.68 kg/kg Results of Blue Carpet Burning: The basic points that have to be noted: The surface area has been kept a constant. The thickness has also been kept at a constant. The mass of the sample has been varied from experiment to experiment. There has been applied a steady increased amount of heat in each consecutive experiment. The time periods in all the tests were a variable. It has been observed through the various experiments that were conducted that the third blue carpet showed the highest time of combustion, and the heat flux that was a variable value had an impact on the total heat that was evolved and this was corresponding with the changes that were made in the heat flux. It was also recorded that the second blue sample showed the lowest of all values that were involved be it the total amount of mass loss, which was 13.2 g, while it was 12.1 for the first sample. The total oxygen that was used was comparable and it was again showing a lower value in the second blue carpet. The heat flux did not have a huge impact o the mass loss that took place. Parameters Tested First Blue Carpet Second Blue Carpet Third Blue Carpet Fourth Blue Carpet Sample of mass 21.6 g 17.63 g 24 g 27.7 g Heat flux 25Kw/m square 35Kw/m square 45Kw/m square 55Kw/m square Mass loss rate .028 g/sec .051 g/sec .018 g/sec .030 g/sec Surface Area 100 cm square 100 cm square 100 cm square 100 cm square Thickness 8Mn 8Mn 8Mn 8Mn Total Heat evolved 45.5 MJ/m square 34.9 MJ/M square 39.4 MJ/m square 38.8 MJ/m square Mass loss 12.1 g 13.2 g 12.4 g 13.2 g Time of test 481seconds 378 seconds 715 seconds 458 seconds Average heat released rate 108.79Kw/m square 103.45Kw/m square 57.32Kw/m square 87.95Kw/m square Specific Mass loss rate 2.79g/ms square 5.9g/ ms square 1.82g/ ms square 3g/ ms square Total amount of oxygen consumed 31.8 g 24.7 g 27.5 g 27.4 g Carbon Monoxide yield 2.04 kg/kg 1.21 kg/kg 1.68 kg/kg 1.65 kg/kg Specific extinction area 494.81 m square/kg 494.81 m square/kg 150.12 m square/kg 506 m square/kg Effective heat of combustion 38.66 MJ/Kg 20.88 MJ/Kg 31.44 MJ/ Kg 28.83 MJ/Kg Smoke released 651 M square m square 474 M square m square 449.4 M square m square 736.3 M square m square Carbon Dioxide yield 2.04 kg/kg 1.21 kg/kg 1.68 kg/kg 1.65 kg/kg Result of the Overlay Sample: The basic points that have to be noted: The surface area has been kept a constant. The thickness has also been kept at a constant. The mass of the sample has been varied from experiment to experiment. There has been applied a steady increased amount of heat in each consecutive experiment. The time periods in all the tests were a variable. It has been observed that there is also high variability on the results that were recorded in this experiment. The time of the test was variable with the third sample overlay recording the highest time. The total heat that was evolved was showing a variable level and it was showing a variable level with heat flux of the experiment .The total oxygen that was used was comparable.  Parameters Tested First Sample Underlay Second Sample Underlay Third Sample Underlay Fourth Sample Underlay Sample of mass 16.5 g 10.46 g 12.12 g 11.68 g Heat flux 55Kw/m square 45Kw/m square 35Kw/m square 25Kw/m square Mass loss rate .0219 g/sec .086 g/sec .031 g/sec .069 g/sec Surface Area 100 cm square 100 cm square 100 cm square 100 cm square Thickness 10Mn 10Mn 10Mn 10Mn Total Heat evolved 23.6 MJ/m square 16.2 MJ/M square 18.3 MJ/m square 16.3 MJ/m square Mass loss 58.4 g 12.0 g 9.3 g 12.4 g Time of test 240seconds 139 seconds 303 seconds 225 seconds Average heat released rate 99.55Kw/m square 118.71Kw/m square 61.44Kw/m square 74.94Kw/m square Specific Mass loss rate 21.93 g/ms square 8.63 g/ ms square 3.15 g/ ms square 6.85 g/ ms square Total amount of oxygen consumed 17.4 g 12.0 g 13.4 g 11.9 g Carbon Monoxide yield 0.0093 kg/kg 0.0291 kg/kg 0.0269 kg/kg 0.0125 kg/kg Specific extinction area 102. 46 m square/kg 338.71 m square/kg 221.93 m square/kg 154.9 m square/kg Effective heat of combustion 4.48 MJ/Kg 13.66 MJ/Kg 19.49 MJ/ Kg 10.69 MJ/Kg Smoke released 553.6 M square m square 416.6 M square m square 305.7 M square m square 291.0 M square m square Carbon Dioxide yield 0.33 kg/kg 1.04 kg/kg 1.40 kg/kg 0.79 kg/kg Analysis and discussion: The surface area that was taken for all three was the same, which is 100 cm square. The mass sample that has been used is the highest in the blue sample while the thickness was highest in the overlay sample, and the heat flux that was used in the green sample is comparatively less than that which has been applied in the blue carpet and the overlay sample. Also the blue sample has used the maximum amount of time, as well as required the maximum amount of oxygen than the other two. (Petrella, R. V 1992) The table that follows shows the comparison between the three samples, and this has shown that the value for the blue is usually higher than the other two in most of the cases. Parameters Tested Highest value in Blue carpet Highest value in Green Carpet Highest value in Sample Underlay Sample of mass 27.7 used in fourth carpet 13.68 g 16.05 g Heat flux 55Kw/m square used in the fourth blue carpet 50Kw/m square 55Kw/m square Mass loss rate .0219 g/sec .086 g/sec .031 g/sec Surface Area 100 cm square 100 cm square 100 cm square Thickness 8Mn used in all samples 5.50Mn 10Mn Total Heat evolved 45.5 MJ/m square used in the first blue carpet 30.9 MJ/M square used in the second green carpet 23.6 MJ/m square used in the first overlay sample. Mass loss 12.1 g in the second and fourth blue carpet 9.6 g used in fourth green carpet 58.4 g used in first sample overlay Time of test 715 seconds used in the third blue carpet 495 seconds used in the first green carpet 303 seconds used in the first overlay sample. Average heat released rate 108.79Kw/m square used in the first blue carpet 123.76Kw/m square used in the third green carpet 118.7Kw/m square used in the first overlay sample Specific Mass loss rate 21.93 g/ms square 8.63 g/ ms square 3.15 g/ ms square Total amount of oxygen consumed 31.8 g used in the first blue carpet 20 g used in the fourth green carpet 17.4 g used in the fourth overlay sample. Carbon Monoxide yield 0.0194 kg/kg used in the first sample 0.0239 kg/kg used in the third green carpet 0.0241 kg/kg used in the second overlay sample. Specific extinction area 506 m square/kg used in the fourth blue carpet 549.70 m square Used in third green carpe 150.12 m square/kg Effective heat of combustion 38.66MJ/KgUsed in the first blue carpet 380.66MJ/KgUsed in third green carpet 19.44MJ/KgUsed in third sample overlay Smoke released 736 M square m square in the fourth blue carpet 519.7 M square m square in the fourth green carpet 553.6 M square m square in the first sample. Carbon Dioxide yield 2.04 kg/kg in the 1st blue carpet 1.90 kg/kg used in the 3rd green carpet 1.40 kg/kg used in the 3rd sample overlay. Method: The cone calorimeter is used in the experiment as it allows for different heat fluxes to be used with the different samples and allows the study to conduct a detailed study using different fluxes. This is widely used and accepted in the field by scientists. (Babrauskas, V., Peacock, R.D., Janssens, M., and Batho, N.E. 1991) There has been a number of data that has been recorded and collected. Conclusion: In the study that has been conducted it has been observed that the blue carpet uses the most amount of oxygen and releases the most amounts of the carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide as well as smoke. (Richardson, L.R., and Brooks, M.E. 1991)There was a problem that took place in the second sample of the green carpet which can be corrected with the help of a different system. Reference: Huggett, C 1980: Estimation of Rate of Heat Release by Means of Oxygen Consumption Measurements. Fire and Materials 4; pp 61-65 pub1980 Weil, E.D., Hirschler, M.M., Patel, N.G., Said, M.M., and Shakir, S 1992: Oxygen Index: Correlations to Other Fire Tests, Fire and Materials 16, pp159-167, pub1992. Babrauskas, V., Development of the Cone Calorimeter a Bench-Scale Heat Release Rate Apparatus Based on Oxygen Consumption (NBSIR 82-2611). [U.S.] Natl. Bur. Stand., pub1982. Fire Protection Engineering, accessed on Saturday, 22 August 2009 at http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Depts/Fire/Lab/Cone/. Nyden, M.R., and Babrauskas, V 1987: Use of FTIR Spectroscopy for Multi-Component Quantitation in Combustion Technology, pp. 107-1 to 107-4 in 1987 Combined Technical Meetings: Eastern Section, the Combustion Institute, and the Center for Fire Research Annual Conference on Fire Research, Gaithersburg, MD, pub1987. Petrella, R. V 1992: presentation to The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., Miami, FL pub December 1992. Richardson, L.R., and Brooks, M.E., Combustibility of Building Materials, Fire and Materials 15, pp 131-136, pub1991. Babrauskas, V., Peacock, R.D., Janssens, M., and Batho, N.E 1991: Standardizing the Exchange of Fire Data the FDMS, Fire and Materials 15, pp 85-92, pub1991. Read More