Clinical Chemistry - Lab Report Example

19. PH is the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is related to the concentration of Hydrogen ion (H in the solution. i.e the pH is:pH = 'log10 [H+]: "It is a measure of the activity of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. ("PH", 2006). 20. The creatinine blood test is done to detect health problems such as kidney damage. it is usually ordered along with a BUN (blood urea nitrogen) test to assess kidney function. Both are frequently ordered as part of either basic or comprehensive metabolic panel (BMP or CMP) groups of tests that are performed to evaluate the function of the body's major organs.

These tests may be used to monitor the progress of kidney dysfunction, to evaluate kidney function prior to some procedures, such as a CT (computed tomography) scan, to calculate a creatinine clearance: measures how effectively the kidneys are filtering small molecules like creatinine out of the blood. Urine creatinine may also be used with a variety of other urine tests as a sort of correction factor. Serum creatinine is used to calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate (EGFR), which is used as a screening test to look for evidence of kidney damage.

("Creatinine")21. The chemical formula of cocaine is C17H21NO4 , and Crack is [C16H20NO4 ] is very similar indeed. They both contain same number of carbon atoms and oxygen but while regular cocaine has a dissociated NH+ and Cl-, Crack cocaine is an amine because it contains a nitrogen atom bonded to three carbons. 22. Cocaine Hydrochloride can be converted into crack by dissolving powder cocaine is dissolved in a mixture of water and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). Baking soda with chemical formula NaHCO3 is now most often used as a base rather than ammonia for reasons of lowered stench and toxicity.

The mixture is boiled to separate out the solid, and then it's cooled. The solid is then dried and cut up into small nuggets, or "rocks." (Watson, n.a). The reaction is proceeds as follows: CocH+ + Cl- + NaHCO3 ' Coc + H2O + CO2 + NaCl ("Cocaine" 2.2.3) 23. Crack (Freebase) is a neutral molecule compound that is less soluble in water than regular cocaine. Regular Cocaine (Cocaine hydroxide) is an ionic salt is easily dissolved by water through dipole-ion attraction (notice the positive charge of the nitrogen ion and the negative charge of the chloride ion).

Crack cocaine readily dissolves in the non polar hexane whereas cocaine, due to its ionic nature, does not dissolve. The solubility difference is indicative of which form of cocaine is present. ("Drug Chemistry" 224)24. Crack is insoluble due to its neutral nature and non polar forces. Additional forces present in cocaine are dipole ion attractions which is absent in crack cocaine. Due to its ionic nature cocaine dissociates in water releasing a proton indicating the presence weak intermolecular force of attracion.

The free energy barrier calculated for the --- hydrolysis of protonated cocaine is significantly lower than for the --- hydrolysis of neutral cocaine (crack). Therefore crack has a stronger intermolecular force of attraction than Cocaine. The significant decrease of is attributed to the intermolecular acid catalysis of protonated cocaine. ("Drug Chemistry"). References"PH." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 19 Mar 2006, 12:29 UTC. 20 Mar 2006, 19:44 "Creatinine." Lab Test Online. American Association for Clinical Chemistry.

June 22, 2005. 20 Mar 2006, 19:50 Watson, Stephanie (n.a.). Manufacturing Crack Cocaine. How stuff works. 20 Mar 2006, 19:43 UTC.