Management Models - Case Study Example

Case Plan Author’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Course Details: Institutional Affiliation: Date of Submission: Introduction Case management models are a series of programs that have been designed with the intention to ensure proper caring services to mentally ill individuals who get incarcerated. This is based on the deficiencies that exist within the health infrastructure that fails to ensure adequate management for these people (Ross & Ross, 2009). There various studies that indicate a high level of mentally ill individuals who have been mismanaged based on negligence. The existing psychiatric evaluation centers have failed in the management of individuals who have been found on the wrong side of the law with an underlying psychiatric illness. In the case of Joanne, she requires a proper psychiatric evaluation to establish what the underlying cause of her actions is and the rightful management process that is required can be established. Therefore it has been a great step towards enhancing management of criminal cases with an underlying psychiatric illness by the establishment of case management models. The case management models are generally focused on ensuring there sufficient treatment and management of individuals found with any mental illness and unfortunately incarcerated. In the case of Joanne, she was found to cause disorder in K-Mart shopping center and charged with possession of heroin. Joanne is sent to a community correction center where she will be subjected to a series of evaluations and counselling. There will be a case manager who will be assigned to her and proper monitoring of her progress will be ensured. The models are a link between the criminal justice system and the available treatment systems (Ross, Fabiano & Evans, 2009). These systems are aimed at ensuring continued management of the underlying mental illnesses. This is to avoid the kind of negligence in the therapy of psychiatric disorders found in individuals with criminal offences. It is a strong force in the health care system and thus proper evaluation of different modalities is pertinent. It has been accorded a lot of credit as this enables proper evaluation of criminal offences by the justice system. For instance, the case of Joanne Maison can be speculated to be a case that requires thorough evaluation by the models (American Psychiatric Association, 2009). There are those with a serious and persistent mental illness who require in depth evaluation and management. The example of Joanne is a clear depiction of a person who abuses drugs and thus subjecting her into an intensive process of interventions to stop the drug use will be beneficial to her. There are those cases associated with addiction that can be evaluated by the respective models (Rogers et al., 2013). There are certain models that have been developed to manage cases of mental illness that came in contact with the justice system. An example of this model is the TASC agencies that were quite effective in the process. TASC agencies stood for the Treatment Alternative for Safe Communities (Rubin, 2012). In evaluation of case management models, the most common characteristic was the connection of the criminal justice system and relevant treatment options. Most of the cases that were evaluated had to come in contact with the agency through the justice system by a form of referral by court (American Psychiatric Association, 2014). Most of the case management models identified individuals who were drug abusers and referred them to appropriate treatment systems (Redlich et al., 2009). They are also involved in the monitoring of these individuals therefore Joanne can be referred to other treatment facilities that will ensure she is treated and encouraged to stop using drugs. There is usually a target population and the most common group of individuals that have been evaluated by the models is the women and juvenile offenders (Sacks, 2014). It is a crisis among these people and thus the case management models are more focused on this category of individuals (Bokos et al., 2012). The models have similar criteria that are used in the process of evaluation. An individual came in contact with models after being incarcerated. They are referred by the criminal justice system for evaluation which determines the outcome and influences the nature of management that an individual will be subjected. The offenders are usually put on probation and this entails their participation in the program. The different modalities are structured in a similar version. Before enrollment into any of the programs, there is usually thorough psychiatric evaluation with special references to the DSM-IV criteria. Based on these criteria, Joanne falls in the category of substance abuse and it suffices and makes her eligible for the therapy sessions offered by the case management models. This usually has a variety of characteristics that an individual needs to have to in order to be eligible for the programs (Bond et al., 2011). The specifications as per the manual are the psychosocial history, drug and substance abuse history and any other relevant psychiatric issue (Schaedle et al., 2012). It is a comprehensive process and thus individuals tend to have great rehabilitation after seeking the respective programs. The models have managers who are deeply involved in the evaluation process. An example is the TASC managers who are a proper channel through which the criminal justice system is able to create a link with the treatment systems for the management of these individuals (Rapp & Goscha, 2014). The managers are usually present during the entire process. They have the role of ensuring the referred individual gets to an appropriate treatment system and are in charge of monitoring the progress of the patient. They encourage reinforcement of treatment strategies in order to achieve substantial change in the individual’s character. Most of the managers tend to assume the role of parole officers (Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2013). Some of the key features that really determined the termination of a program are based on a variety of factors. The progress of the patient is determined and there should be through evaluation of the outcome. In case of substance abuse there should be thorough treatment and completion of the therapy (Byrne et al., 2010). There should be complete abstinence to any form of drug use especially alcohol (Phillips et al., 2001). A proper house or residence should be made available and support and care should be sufficient. Joanne has a family and thus keeping her away will ensure they are not troubled by her violent nature thus ensuring an appropriate resident for her will be a great step towards her management. Service planning is a key feature of the models and it entails using the information obtained from the screening process to establish a proper plan to ensure adequate therapy for the patient (Mueser et al., 2013). There is also establishing of linkage to various institutions for treatment and establishment of proper coordination that will enable excellent assessment of the subject (Clear et al., 2012). Joanne will be required to have a stable residence where she can be monitored and also aided in reestablishing herself. It will also prevent her from going back into drug use. Case management models are an interesting approach that seems to revolutionize the process of psychiatric evaluation in criminal cases (Cohen & Levy, 2012). There are benefits that are associated with these programs and thus efforts to set up such modalities are advocated for in many circumstances that are linked with psychiatric illness. The main challenge is the costs that are incurred in establishing such programs (Chiles et al., 2010). Case notes regarding Joanne Maison The case notes in the case provided in relation to Joanne Maison are based on the following factors. It was on the second of February 2014 that the client in question was arrested at a shopping center. The name of the place where the client was arrested is the Lakeside shopping center. The client was aggressive as she is reported to have been causing damage in the shopping center. She was cutting open packets of nappies and putting them in her jacket when she was sported by the security officers who called the police. A number of events transpired and these included the patient being compliant to instructions to remove the nappies from her jacket. She was also restrained by the security guards after trying to escape and thence the police came and arrested her. She was arrested and taken to the police station where it was said that she had been charged with one count of stealing, one count of possessing illegal drug and one count of assault after which she was released on bail. The case was heard in the Perth Magistrate’s court where Joanne was proved guilty. She was referred to a central east metropolitan corrections facility for further evaluation. Risks and protective factors Some of the risks that are associated with the client’s violent behavior that most of them are prone to in different circumstances. This can be detrimental for the case model managers as some of the clients could pose a risk to their lives. Joanne in this case has been depicted as being abusive and aggressive hence dealing with her requires great exercise of caution (Deitzen et al., 2010). Some clients are likely to harm themselves in the process or even harm the case manager. Therefore close monitoring is essential as for some cases of drug abuse, suicide is not uncommon. Joanne’s bizarre behavior at the shopping center which included aggressiveness abusiveness is a clear indication that she might pose risk to everyone including herself. The nature of the client is quite influential in terms of the outcome. Some patients who abuse drugs have been depicted as having drastic effects in the community (Cook, 2012).Their dangerous state makes them unsuitable to be free and thus require confinement into an institution that will aid in their rehabilitation. For clients who have the high risk of violence efforts should be made to ensure they are admitted into supportive services that will aid in the management of their dangerousness (Dennis et al., 2009). There are counseling services that aid in these circumstances. The best methods of ensuring there are reduced cases of violent behavior are by establishment of comprehensive and intensive care units. There are a variety of supportive services that entail counseling of the cases that are involved in any forms of violence. In terms of protection, police officers get training in matters concerning the care and handling of cases that involve violence. Evaluation of such cases is important as they pose a risk to the service providers as well as the community (Morrissey et al., 2009). Establishment of peer group networks has achieved tremendous results in terms of curbing the risky behavior of many cases. There are psychotherapeutic sessions that are quite effective in terms of management of such individuals. Some of the supportive services that have been established are similar to the necessary services that are usually required for the management of the general psychiatric patients (Durell et al., 2013). It is an important requirement to establish these supportive services as they enable the patient get restored back to his normal state. There are counselors that are trained and they exhibit excellent progress. Case managers have the inclination to recommend excellent supportive services based on the patient’s needs. Supportive services that are in existent revolve around the rehabilitation of individuals with bizarre behavior. In the case of high risk cases, there is the need for restraining of clients if there are adverse effects that are associated with the patient being free (Dvoskin et al., 2013). The community correctional facilities also come in handy in terms of management of patients. They have a routine register that is aimed at ensuring proper monitoring of the client’s progress (Solomon & Draine, 2012). There are parole officers and probation are key figures who ensure there is enforcement of the treatment strategies. Special support services are ensured and many clients have shown positive response in the treatment plans (Mueser et al., 1998). Joanne will be allocated a parole officer who will be ensuring she attends to her delegations and does not cause any more trouble in community. The challenges in having support services are that probation and parole officers in some scenarios get case loads and this may infringe in the outcome of the therapeutic process. Intensive care is important in supportive services and thus any efforts directed to the clients support are advocated for in many institutions (Evans & Sullivan, 2010). It is usually a directive by many criminal systems to have any client with suspected mental illness seek support from counseling institutions. There are counselors with specialized skills that grant the client an opportunity to transform their lives. These include occupational therapy that is aimed at encouraging the patient find something to do with their lives and avoid indulgence in crime activities (Fariello & Scheidt, 2009). In conclusion, exposing clients to adequate therapy in the case plan management ensures reduced crime activities. It ensures community awareness as there platforms that cover the mishaps that occur in the society. Counseling sessions are beneficial if it were to be recommended, Joanne should be subjected to a series of programs that will enable her turn her life around. References American Psychiatric Association. (2009). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author. American Psychiatric Association. (2014). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Bokos, P. J., Mejta, C. L., Mickenberg, J. H., & Monks, R. L. (2012). Case Management: An Alternative Approach to Working with Intravenous Drug Users (pp. 92–111). Rockville, MD: NIDA Research Monograph No. 127. Bond, G. R., McDonel, E. C., Miller, L. D., & Pensec, M. (2011). Assertive community treatment and reference groups: an evaluation of their effectiveness for young adults with serious mental illness and substance abuse problems. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 15, 31–43. Bureau of Justice Assistance (2013). Treatment Accountability Fact Sheet [On-line]. Available at http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles/tasc.txt. Byrne, J. M., Taxman, L., & Taxman, F. (2010). Mentally ill offenders: an overview of issues. Perspectives (Fall), pp. 41–44. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (1998). Comprehensive Case Management for Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, Number 27, (DHHS Publication No. SMA 98-3222). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Chiles, J. A., Von Cleve, E., Jemelka, R. P., & Trupin, E. W. (2010). Substance abuse and psychiatric disorders in prison inmates. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 41, 1132–1134. Clear, T. R., Byrne, J. M., & Dvoskin, J. A. (2012). The transition from being an inmate: discharge planning, parole and community-based services for mentally ill offenders. In H. J. Steadman & J. J. Cocozza (Eds.), Mental Illness in America’s Prisons. Seattle, WA: The National Coalition for the Mentally Ill in the Criminal Justice System. Cohen, J., & Levy, S. J. (2012). The Mentally Ill Chemical Abuser: Whose Client? New York: Lexington Books. Cook, F. (2012). TASC: Case Management Models Linking Criminal Justice and Treatment (pp. 368–382). Rockville, MD: NIDA Research Monograph No. 127. Deitzen, L., Witheridge, T. F., & Bond, G. R. (2010). The Areas of Difficulty Checklist Unpublished manuscript, Indiana-University, Purdue University at Indianapolis. Dennis, M. L., Karuntzos, G. T., & Rachal, J. V. (2009). Accessing Additional Community Resources Through Case Management to Meet the Needs of Methadone Clients (pp. 54–78). Rockville, MD: NIDA Research Monograph No. 127. Durell, J., Lechtenberg, B., Corse, S., & Frances, R. J. (2013). Intensive case management of persons with chronic mental illness who abuse substances. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 44, 415–417. Dvoskin, J. A., Steadman, H. J., & Cocozza, J. J. (2013). Introduction. In H. J. Steadman & J. J. Cocozza (Eds.), Mental Illness in America’s Prisons (pp. 1–8). Seattle, WA: The National Coalition for the Mentally Ill in the Criminal Justice System. Evans, K., & Sullivan, J. M. (2010). Dual Diagnosis: Counseling the Mentally Ill Substance Abuser. New York: Guilford Press. Fariello, D., & Scheidt, S. (2009). Clinical case management of the dually diagnosed patient. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 40, 1065–1067. Morrissey, J., Cuddeback, G., Cuellar, A., & Steadman, H. (2009). Medicaid benefits and patterns of re-arrest for mentally ill persons in jail. Psychiatric Services, 58(6), 794_801. Morse, G. A., Calsyn, R. J., Allen, G., Tempelhoff, B. et al. (2012). Experimental comparison of the effects of three treatment programs for homeless mentally ill people. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 43(10), 1005_1010. Mueser, K. T., Bond, G. R., Drake, R. E., & Resnick, S. G. (1998). Models of community care for severe mental illness: A review of research on case management. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(1), 37_74. Mueser, K. T., Torrey, W. C., Lynde, D., Singer, P., & Drake, R. E. (2013). Implementing Evidencebased practices for people with severe mental illness. Behavior Modification, 27(3), 387_411. Phillips, S. D., Burns, B. J., Edgar, E. R., Mueser, K. T., Linkins, K. W., Rosenheck, R. A. et al. (2001). Moving assertive community treatment into standard practice. Psychiatric Services, 52(6), 771_779. Rapp, C. A., & Goscha, R. J. (2014). The principles of effective case management of mental health services. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 27(4), 319_333. Redlich, A., Steadman, H., Monahan, J., Robbins, P., & Petrila, J. (2009). Patterns of practice in mental health courts: a national survey. Law & Human Behavior, 30(3), 347_362. Rogers, E. S., Drake, R. E., Becker, D. R., Bond, G. R., & Mueser, K. T. (2013). A process analysis of integrated and non-integrated approaches to supported employment. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 18(1), 51. Read More

For instance, the case of Joanne Maison can be speculated to be a case that requires thorough evaluation by the models (American Psychiatric Association, 2009). There are those with a serious and persistent mental illness who require in depth evaluation and management. The example of Joanne is a clear depiction of a person who abuses drugs and thus subjecting her into an intensive process of interventions to stop the drug use will be beneficial to her. There are those cases associated with addiction that can be evaluated by the respective models (Rogers et al., 2013). There are certain models that have been developed to manage cases of mental illness that came in contact with the justice system.

An example of this model is the TASC agencies that were quite effective in the process. TASC agencies stood for the Treatment Alternative for Safe Communities (Rubin, 2012). In evaluation of case management models, the most common characteristic was the connection of the criminal justice system and relevant treatment options. Most of the cases that were evaluated had to come in contact with the agency through the justice system by a form of referral by court (American Psychiatric Association, 2014).

Most of the case management models identified individuals who were drug abusers and referred them to appropriate treatment systems (Redlich et al., 2009). They are also involved in the monitoring of these individuals therefore Joanne can be referred to other treatment facilities that will ensure she is treated and encouraged to stop using drugs. There is usually a target population and the most common group of individuals that have been evaluated by the models is the women and juvenile offenders (Sacks, 2014).

It is a crisis among these people and thus the case management models are more focused on this category of individuals (Bokos et al., 2012). The models have similar criteria that are used in the process of evaluation. An individual came in contact with models after being incarcerated. They are referred by the criminal justice system for evaluation which determines the outcome and influences the nature of management that an individual will be subjected. The offenders are usually put on probation and this entails their participation in the program.

The different modalities are structured in a similar version. Before enrollment into any of the programs, there is usually thorough psychiatric evaluation with special references to the DSM-IV criteria. Based on these criteria, Joanne falls in the category of substance abuse and it suffices and makes her eligible for the therapy sessions offered by the case management models. This usually has a variety of characteristics that an individual needs to have to in order to be eligible for the programs (Bond et al., 2011). The specifications as per the manual are the psychosocial history, drug and substance abuse history and any other relevant psychiatric issue (Schaedle et al., 2012). It is a comprehensive process and thus individuals tend to have great rehabilitation after seeking the respective programs.

The models have managers who are deeply involved in the evaluation process. An example is the TASC managers who are a proper channel through which the criminal justice system is able to create a link with the treatment systems for the management of these individuals (Rapp & Goscha, 2014). The managers are usually present during the entire process. They have the role of ensuring the referred individual gets to an appropriate treatment system and are in charge of monitoring the progress of the patient.

They encourage reinforcement of treatment strategies in order to achieve substantial change in the individual’s character. Most of the managers tend to assume the role of parole officers (Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2013). Some of the key features that really determined the termination of a program are based on a variety of factors. The progress of the patient is determined and there should be through evaluation of the outcome.

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