Behavioral Disorder Therapies for Dope Misapply - Coursework Example

Project Task II Project Task II Primary Diagnosis Etiology: Poor personality development: Personality disordersform a class of mental disorders that has a rigid pattern of behavior and thought. These characteristics noted in Smith during the primary diagnosis. The etiology of this characteristic could be from several areas, and it is very important to understand the exact source of the problem. Notably, most of the poor personality developments result from years of abuse or session, which resulted into abuse (Petty, Briñol and DeMarree, 2007). The individual grows up dependent of others and does not feel well equipped to handle anything while alone. Smith has a poorly developed personality that shows cases of clingy behavior when with others. The feelings of self-doubt and criticism crop up because she feels as if she has a lot to prove to the world, and has no skills to do so (Carroll, et al., 2006). She will take criticism as proof of worthlessness, affirming that she has nothing good to offer to the world. Such a feeling is dangerous because she could lose out a lot in life instead of taking advantage of everything that she has within her grasp. This inner experience could have developed from her childhood, making it difficult to brush it off when she is all grown. Her adulthood suffers from feelings of self-defeat that continue to affirm to her the reasons why she is not fit to be part of any social group (Nadort, et al., 2009). Therapeutic modalities and justification The best way of ensuring that Smith recovers is by having some form of therapy to assist in the eradication of some of the feelings she is undergoing. The best to help her with this diagnosis is the client-centered therapy (Carroll, and Onken, 2005). This method allows the therapists to have a one-on-one session with the client and get to understand the issues that disturb the patient based on what he or she says. Smith will get a chance to talk to someone who can assist her with her personality issues, making it easier to deal with her issues without fearing judgment (Raine, Lee, Yang and Colletti, 2010). This is a good method to use for this attribute because it will also allow the patient to have a personal awareness of her feelings and have an increased flexibility to determine the kind of treatment to have based on their feelings. It makes it easier for the patient to understand that she make her choices without having anyone force any treatments on her (Derefinko and Widiger, 2008). Application of treatment To carryout the treatment session, the patient will have a dedicated therapist at the allocated time to help her with anything she feels she needs to say. This will make it easier for her to deal with the personality issues by creating time to understand herself and deal with her issues without having to judge or consider herself unworthy (Derefinko and Widiger, 2008). Etiology: emotional instability This can be defined as borderline personality disorder. Smith sees herself as unworthy, and has increased self-doubt especially regarding her self-image. Her emotions are volatile, and that make sit difficult to maintain relationships with others (Derefinko and Widiger, 2008). She does not consider herself as worthy of any love or affection and feels as if she is stressing those around her. She has been in unstable relationships, and even lost her jobs because she cannot handle her emotions in front of others. This mainly results from early interactions that make it difficult for her to live a life she is comfortable with as a person (Carroll, et al., 2006). She instead has fluctuating emotions that make it difficult for her to relinquish her sensitive self and create an image that will make it easier for her to face the world confidently. Many researchers cite the bipsychosocial (biology, psychology, social) model as the best explanation for this disorder (Nadort, et al., 2009). Therapeutic methodologies and justification The best method in the treatment of this disorder is psychotherapy. This involves the focusing of a constructive process of healing to deal with issues that may be leading to the disorders (Carroll, and Onken, 2005). It involves counseling where the patient undergoes relevant counseling sessions that will assist in dealing with any pain-causing memories hinder personal growth and development. It is justified because Smith needs to overcome her stressors and deal with life issues confidently. Her impulsiveness will not make anything better, hence the need to deal with her personality issues as well as understand the general effects of her psychosocial environment in her relationship with others. Behavioral therapy will be the most effective (Derefinko and Widiger, 2008). Application of treatment The counseling sessions are easy to deal with because qualified therapists are present across the nation. These therapists are essential in assisting Smith regain her confidence and assist her maintain strong and long-lasting relationships. It will also condition her towards making controlled choices to deal with the surroundings without panicking or feeling nervous (Skeem, Polaschek, Patrick and Lilienfeld, 2011). Etiology: fear of rejection The fear of rejection is one of the many issues that make people feel as if they have a lot to prove to the society and hence have an inherent fear of failing to reach the expected level of social expectations. However, Smith needs to understand that she has the capability of being a better person based on the way she relates to people rather than how the people think she should be (Nadort, et al., 2009). Her reactions should be shaped to help her shift her mindset from her fears to her strengths. The early childhood experiences that made her feel inferior should be dealt with now to prevent any instances of feeling as if she owes the world any proof of her existence (Petty, Briñol and DeMarree, 2007). Therapeutic methodologies and justification The best way of dealing with this is through cognitive therapy. This will aim at improving her self-esteem and confidence so that she can easily share her opinions and emotions without feeling as if she is an inferior human being (Carroll, Sholomskas, Syracuse, Ball, Nuro, and Fenton, 2005). The therapist will take her through the sessions aiming at dealing with those events that made it difficult for her to deal with her fears, and allow her to make decisions based on what she feels is appropriate for her. The best justification for this is the need to make it easier for her to gain social skills that will help her interact with others without feelings of being sidelined. It is essential that she undergo a cognitive therapeutic session to assist her with gaining self-control and ability to face challenges (Flanagan, 2010). Application of treatment This is an important step towards the realization of positive thinking attributes. Of great importance is the increased challenge of erroneous thinking that makes it difficult for Smith to stand up for what she believes in her life. The fear of rejection can only be overcome by dealing with selective abstraction that Smith is bent on actualizing in her life. It will also be a way of assisting her develop her moods and effectively deal with any depressive thoughts that hinder her from taking charge of her life (Skeem, Polaschek, Patrick and Lilienfeld, 2011). Secondary diagnosis Etiology: drug abuse Smith continues to suffer from her social environment, which does not help her in solving her personality issues. If the home environment did not perform its duties by allowing her to make a better decision from her childhood, the resulting drug abuse may have made things worse. She turned to drugs and that made her personality dependent on the drugs in use. Mostly, such individuals end up being drug addicts with poor self-esteem and wanting personality issues that may lead to their suicidal feelings for fear of rejection (Nadort, et al., 2009). The fact that Smith was already hostile shows that she was ready to do anything to protect herself. The drug abuse stage worsened everything for her, and that made it difficult to control her personality issues. She became delusional and that is a mental attitude hard to eliminate without the proper therapeutic methodologies (Flanagan, 2010). Therapeutic methodologies and justification The best recommendation here is the cognitive behavioral therapy that allows the therapist to deal with the issues facing the patient. The importance of this method is its ability to train the patient to gain self-control of issues in the surroundings as a way of dealing with their stressors (Carroll, et al., 2005). This aims at bring back the sanity and allowing the patient to see the importance of having a greater range of skills to her explore both the positive and negative attributes that could be critical in the success of her treatment. It is an important method because it can help Smith take control of her situations which lead her to drug abuse and help her cope with them appropriately. The important thing is to make sure that the treatment serves its purpose and the therapist keeps her in close check (Monroe and Read, 2008). Application of treatment: By having her attend therapy sessions, it will be quite easy to get her in the direction. She will learn new life skills that will shape her thoughts and behavior patterns, leading her to use her senses and strengths to achieve better results (Raine, Lee, Yang and Colletti, 2010). This will also be essential in creating a general understanding of the important steps to take to help her reduce drug use and eventually stop taking tem. Combining this with medications can be a viable prescription, though it has to be in limited doses to help her gain control of her senses and actions (Skeem, Polaschek, Patrick and Lilienfeld, 2011). Etiology: hostility Many consider hostility as an emotion that consists of an expression that shows a cynical case of mistrust. It is an expression of anger or aggression towards another person (Nadort, et al., 2009). Smith could be exhibit this anger due to personality issues, or some enclosed emotions she had held up inside. She does not have a way of dealing with these issues and the only way she can deal with them is by being aggressive and pushing people away from her (Raine, Lee, Yang and Colletti, 2010). This makes it difficult for her to deal with social events, and has a negative influence on her relationships with her close relatives. Many see this as an alternate response to cognitive dissonance, which denotes mental discomfort or stress. By eliminating the use of drugs and any injuries, it is easy to see that the hostility displayed is part of an internal problem that has to be deal with appropriately to avoid affecting her future (Flanagan, 2010). Therapeutic models and justification Schema therapy is a prescribe model that could assist in dealing with the issue appropriately. The important thing is understand the impact it has in her life and deal with the cognitive and behavioral issues that make it appropriate to deal with the negative emotions that could trigger such reactions (Carroll, et al., 2005). This method deals with emotional outbursts that make it difficult for Smith to interact with others as required, making it easier to deal with intense moments. The model is also created in such a way that identifies the underlying factors such as victimization, alcohol abuse, narcissism, and lack of attention. Whichever era these attributes took place could affect an individual for life, hence the importance of dealing with them upfront. This is a justifiable model because it is critical in relaying the essential attributes that contribute to hostility (Monroe and Read, 2008). The important thing is to understand the underlying issues and identify them, and then tackle them appropriately. Treatment application The schema treatment model will be ideal in dealing with the emotional aspect of the patient and create a better understanding of what is needed to help the patient recover from this state (Flanagan, 2010). Mostly, the emotions will emanate from a lack of confidence to deal with the surrounding issues, hence an angry perception of everything within the vicinity. Dealing with these underlying factors is very important because it will assist Smith to understand the source of her emotional outbursts and the best ways of dealing with them (Skeem, Polaschek, Patrick and Lilienfeld, 2011). References Carroll, K. M., an&d Onken, L. S. (2005). Behavioral therapies for drug abuse. The American Journal of Psychiatry 168(8), 1452–1460. Carroll, K. M., Easton, C. J., Nich, C., Hunkele, K. A., Neavins, T. M., Sinha, R., Ford, H. L., Vitolo, S. A., Doebrick, C. A., & Rounsaville, B. J. (2006). The use of contingency management and motivational/skills-building therapy to treat young adults with marijuana dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 74(5), 955–966. Carroll, K. M., Sholomskas, D., Syracuse, G., Ball, S. A., Nuro, K. & Fenton, L. R. (2005). We don’t train in vain: A dissemination trial of three strategies of training clinicians in cognitive-behavioral therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 73(1), 106–115. Derefinko, Karen J., & Thomas A. W. (2008). Antisocial Personality Disorder. The Medical Basis of Psychiatry, 213–226. Flanagan, C. M. (2010). The case for needs in psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration 20(1), 1–36. Monroe, B. M., & Read, S. J. (2008). A general connectionist model of attitude structure and change: The ACS (Attitudes as Constraint Satisfaction) Model. Psychological Review 115(3), 733–759 Nadort, M., Arntz, A., Smit, J. H., Giesen-Bloo, J., Eikelenboom, M., Spinhoven, P., van Asselt, T., Wensing, M., &van Dyck, R. (November 2009). Implementation of outpatient schema therapy for borderline personality disorder with versus without crisis support by the therapist outside office hours: a randomized trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 47(11), 961–973. Petty, R. E., Briñol, P., & DeMarree, K. G. (2007). The Meta-Cognitive Model (MCM) of attitudes: Implications for attitude measurement, change, and strength. Social Cognition 25(5): 657–686. Raine, A, Lee, L., Yang, Y., &Colletti, P. (2010). Neurodevelopmental marker for limbic maldevelopment in antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy. The British Journal of Psychiatry 197(3), 186–192. Skeem, J. L., Polaschek, D. L. L., Patrick, C. J., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2011). Psychopathic Personality: Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Evidence and Public Policy. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 12(3), 95–162. Read More