Human Relations Theory - Assignment Example

ARTICLE Topic: Sigmund Freud 3 Contributions Ernest G. Beier Topic: d 3 contributions but first was “three contributions to the understanding of man” but the writer thought that this topic name would be very prejudice for women due to the similarities between men and women. 2. Controversy between neurosis and sexual urge starts in western countries and the writer critics claim that the original formulation that neurotics have been victimized and molested in their youth had been struck and the writer’s answer to the controversy was still at his formulation. 3. Though the influence on academic psychology, the old psychoanalysis technique was finishing its effect and scientific research was taking place of psychoanalysis. In these days the modern psychologists rediscovered the concept of unconsciousness and the cognitive psychologist rediscovered the fact that there are thought processes taking place even though the person has no awareness of them. 4. Neurotic patients to recover from their disease have to regain their continuity with their earliest experiences and have to lift these early experiences into consciousness to mold a new life of purpose. 5. the three main contributions of this article are: psychological unity importance of childhood pleasure in the symptom 6. Furthermore, defining each of the three (3) contributions: psychological unity: By psychological unity it is meant that the contribution of psychoanalysis brought people closer together. importance of childhood: The second major contribution of psychoanalytic thought is that it stressed the importance of early childhood experiences for later life. The psychoanalytic thought not only studies the instinctual behavior of infant. The ego and superego development of a young child but also the psycho sexual development of a child. pleasure in the symptom: The third contribution of psychoanalysis is that there is pleasure in the symptom. In psychoanalysis the psychiatrist recognized that no one gives up pleasurem easily. The patients take pleasure in their symptoms and this has been called "neurotic paradox". The explanation of this phenomenon is found in the childhood experiences that are shared by every one of us. ARTICLE 2: Topic: C.G.Jung: The Man and His Work, Then and Now Author: Irving E. Alexander 1. Three major works: the three major products of Jung’s first decade of work were “the psychology of dementia praecox (Jung, 1972), studies in word association (published as separates from 1904 on) and symbols of transformation translated as the psychology of the unconscious (1916/1949). 2. consequences of the psychological resolutions: the consequences of the psychological resolutions revealed are a. Two essays (1953) b. Psychological types (1971) 3. Two essays (1953): one can see Jung’s major attitude towards psychoanalysis. He does not oppose it, he subsumed it. In the first edition of the two essays, in a small section entitled, general remarks on the therapeutic approach to the unconscious. 4. The two essays clearly marked both the freedom of Jung from his allegiance to psychoanalysis and the freedom to explore the essence of those things that had originally attracted them to psychoanalysis. 5. Impacts of Jung’s work: there are three factors of impacts of Jung’s work that are: One result of this trend was an increased number of Jungian training centers in the United States, with a resulting increase in the dissemination of Jungian ideas. The second result is cultural changes that took place throughout the world beginning in the late 1950s. There was an increased interest in inner imaginal rocesses experienced through the use of consciousness expanding hallucinogenic drugs. The third result relates to Jung’s continual concern with the problem of religion as it is represented in the psychology of the individual. ARTICLE 3: Topic: My Views on the Role of Sexuality in the Etiology of the Neuroses* Author: Sigmund Freud 1. The theory “etiological significance of the sexual moment in the neuroses” had reference to morbid pictures comprehended as the “neurasthenia”. Sigmund Freud found two types that are: (a). actual neurasthenia: in typical cases of neurasthenia, the symptoms are masturbation or accumulated pollutions. (b). anxiety neurosis: in typical cases of anxiety neurosis, the factors are coitus interruptus or frustrated excitement. 2. Conception about the hysteria: Freud reached the conception that the hysterical symptoms are the permanent results of the psychic traumas and that amount of effect belonging to them was pushed away from conscious elaboration by special determination. 3. Hysteria: hysteria is the expression of a special behavior of the sexual function of the individual and this behavior was already decisively determined by the first effective influences and experiences of the childhood. 4. psychoanalysis of hysterical individuals shows us that the malady is the result of the conflict between the libido and the sexual repression and their symptoms have the value of a compromise between both psychic streams. 5. In the presence of neurosis, a normal adult sexual life is not possible. ARTICLE 4: Topic: The Conception of the Unconscious Author: Carl G. Jung 1. division of the mind or psyche: according to Jungian theory, the mind or psyche is divided into three parts: 1. conscious ego 2. personal unconscious 3. the collective (universal, impersonal) unconscious 2. Contents of unconscious: according to Freud’s theory, the contents of the unconscious are limited to infantile wish tendencies, which are repeated on account of the incompatibility of their character. 3. Repression: repression is a process which begins in early childhood under the influence of environment and it continues throughout life. Bad memory is the only consequence of repression and those people who have an excellent memory should have no repression. 4. Deep layers of unconscious: the annexation of the deeper layers of the unconscious are called impersonal unconsciousness which an extension of the personality which leads to state of God- Almightiness. This state is reached by continuation of the analytical work. 5. Persona:  persona is a mask of the collective psyche that is it is mask which stimulates individuality making others believe that one is individual. ARTICLE 5: Topic: The Life Cycle: Epigenesis of Identity Author: Erik H. Erikson 1. Neurotic Conflicts: According to Frued’s discovery that neurotic conflict is not very different in content from the normative conflicts which every child must live through in his childhood. 2. Definition of Healthy: According to Marie Jahoda’s definition, “a healthy personality actively masters in his environment and shows a certain unity of personality and is able to perceive the world and himself correctly. 3. transition periods: according to erickson, “adolescence and other transition periods are an important time to develop and make an identity”. 4. Steps: According to Erickson, the personality develops through steps or stages rather than continuously. 5. Psychologically Alive: In order to remain psyholically alive the man should constant re-resolves the conflicts just as his body constantly struggles the encroachment of physical deterioration. ARTICLE 6: Topic: Personal Construct Theory and the Psychotherapeutic Interview Author: George A. Kelly 1. Personal constructs theory: George H. Kelly, known for the theory “personal constructs”. This theory had a large impact on approaches to personality and on clinical practice. He used the model of the scientific method to describe human behavior, claiming that every person is, in his or her own particular way. 2. Dogmatism: dogmatism produces a kind of mental rigidity that replaces thoughts with words, stifles the zest for free inquiry and tries to seal the personality up tight at the conclusion of the last psychotherapeutic interview. 3. Constructive alternatives: according to constructive alternatives, “whatever exists can be reconstructed” and this theory gives current meaning both to his memories and his future plans and particularly when they are precisely verbalized. This theory laid the ground for profitable experimentation. 4. Varying techniques of psychotherapy: there are eight (8) varying techniques of psychotherapy. The team of client and therapist can go about their task in variety of ways. These are the same ways, but they are applied in the different ways. 5. Anticipation of events: a person lives in anticipation of events and reacts relative to what he or she expects to happen and these are the personal constructs and this is the only way a person has for reaching out of the world. ARTICLE 7: Topic: The Psychological Unconscious Author: John E. Kihlstrom 1. Dissociated automatisms: the dissociated autonisms constitute fixed ideas, which possess some degree of autonomy with respect to their development and effects on ongoing experience, thought and action. 2. Neodissociation: E.R. Hilgard (1971) proposed a “neodissociation” theory of divided consciousness. This theory provides a rather view of unconscious mental functioning than does psychoanalytic theory. 3. Senses of unconscious: William James who said that mental states could be unconscious in at least two different senses. 1. A mental state can be excluded from attention or consciousness. These unattended, unconscious feelings are themselves mental states. 2. Argue for a division of consciousness into primary and second consciousness which is accessible to phenomenal awareness at any point in time. 2. two types of memories: there are two types of memories which are found by Schacter(1987): 1. explicit memory: it involves the conscious re-experiencing some aspect of the past 2. Implicit memory: it is revealed by a change in task performance that is attributable to information acquired during a prior episode. 2. types of emotion:  there is formal distinction between two expressions of emotion: 1. explicit emotion: it refers to person’s conscious awareness of an emotion, feeling or mood stage 2. Implicit emotion: it refers to changes in experience, thought or action that are attributable to one’s emotional state. ARTICLE 8: Topic: The Steep and Thorny Way to a Science of Behavior Author: B.F.Skinner 1. behavior: environment controls our behavior as it shapes and controls the behavior of other species. The behavior acts in a phyical world and it can be persuaded by a verbal environment to respond to some of its own activities. 2. collateral products: the bodily conditions we feel are collateral products of our genetic and environment histories.and the events observed as the life of the mind are collateral products which have been made the basis of many elaborate metaphores. 3. Environmental Contingencies: According to Skinner, feelings are inadequate explanations of behavior and we must look to environmental contingencies that reinforced previous actions. 4. Reinforcement Contingencies: In order to improve the world, we should try to change reinforcement contingencies rather than trying to change some internal personality processes. 5. Scientific unit of analysis: According to skinner, it is the organism as a whole that behaves and only the behavior can be a scientific unit of analysis. ARTICLE 9: Topic: Dimensions of Personality: The Biosocial Approach to Personality Author: Hans J. Eysenck 1. types of nervous system-based theory of personality: there are two types of nervous system- based theory of personality: 1. extroverts: they have a relatively low level of brain arousal that leads them to seek stimulation 2. Introverts: they are thought to have a higher level of central nervous system arousal and they tend to shy away from stimulating social environments. 2. Link between cortical arousal and extraversion - introversion: Eysenck (1967) originally suggested a link between cortical arousal and extraversion-introversion. This is based essentially on the findings of Moruzzi and Magoun (1949) of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS). 3. Electroencephalography:  cortical arousal has been studied in relation to extraversion-introversion using electroencephalography. High levels of arousal are linked with low-amplitude, high frequency activity in the alpha range of the EEG. 4. Comprehensive personality theory: In Eysenck’s view, a comprehensive personality theory requires the consideration of social behavior as well as specific biological features. 5. MAO: another important biochemical agent is the enzyme MAO. It plays a role in degradation of the monoamines nor epinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. The view by Zuckerman indicates that MAO levels relate negatively to extraversion and introversion. ARTICLE 10: Topic: Charles Darwin: Father of Evolutionary Psychology Author: R.Bruce Masterton 1. theory of evolution: the theory of evolution described by Darwin composed of three components: 1. heredity: hereditary means that offspring resemble to their parents 2. Variation: variation means that, although offspring resemble their parents but they are not identical to either parent or their average. 3. Natural selection: selection means that not all offspring have the same chance of becoming parents and passing their traits along to future generations. And natural selection means the process of selection is imposed on species without any intent on the part of selecting mechanism. 2. Components of natural selection: the process of natural selection has two components that are: 1. survival of the fittest 2. sexual selection 3. nature-nurture: nature is defined as the natural processes that occur in the life and nurture is defined as the sum of environmental factors influencing the behavior and traits. 4. nature-nurture issue: the positions on the nature-nurture issue occupy an infinite number of locations on a dimension that extends from genetic determinism to environmental determinism. 5. Individual DNA: the material within the fertilized cell’s nucleus is part of the environment. This environment includes the egg’s nucleoplasm, cytoplasm, surrounding amniotic fluid, the egg’s mother body, her physical environment and eventually her personality society and culture. ARTICLE 11: Topic: The Legacy of Jean Piaget Author: Edward Ziglar, Elizabeth Gilman 1. Contribution of Jean Piaget: the most popular contribution of Jean Piaget was to demonstrate the fundamental differences between the intellectual functioning of children and that of adults. At birth, infants are not conscious of themselves and at the primitive level; children’s cognitive systems change to become more adaptive. 2. assimilation and accommodation: the cognitive growth consists of two complementary components: a. assimilation: it is the process of taking in new information and interpreting it and sometimes even distorting it to make it agree with the available mental organization. b.accommodation: it involves a modification of the cognitive to provide a more precise match with external information. 1. Stages of cognitive development: the adaptive significance of intelligence is a through a series of four stages. Each of these stages is a part of a continuous adaptation process. the stages are: a. sensorimotor stage b. preoperational stage c. concrete operations stage d. formal operations stage 1. Perceptions: for an adult, the perception of another person includes a host of inferences about the attributes of that other individual. And the research has shown that such perceptions develop gradually. 1. Social roles: one hypothesis of how children learn about their own and other people’s social roles holds that they develop scripts for what happens in familiar situations. Children develop scripts at different times and these scripts reflect the regularities in a child’s experience and can act as cognitive mediators of the child’s behavior. ARTICLE 12: Topic: Some Educational Implications of the Humanistic Psychologies Author: Abraham M. Maslow 1. Learning: learning of the extrinsic sort are powerful than our deepest impulses. 2. extrinsic learning: it is the learning of the outside, learning of the impersonal and of arbitrary associations. In this kind of learning, most often it is not the person himself, who decides, but rather a teacher or experimenter. 3. Higher human needs: the third force of psychology focuses upon higher human needs or motives. it rejects the conception of science as purely objective and people can discover its ultimate ends and values 4. Arbitrary way: the human needs to uncover release and build upon one’s true self and the human being can not be shaped and modified in the arbitrary way. 5. Educational model: an effective educational model can be built on the core beliefs of humanistic psychology. The teachers should accept the nature on an individual and help the person build on existing potential instead of doing it from scratch. ARTICLE 13: Topic: Self and Social Identity Author: Naomi Ellemers, Russell Spears and Bertjan Doosje 1. group cohesion: group cohesion is conceptualized as stemming from interpersonal ties between the individual group members and effects of the group on the people’s self definitions are examined by assessing expectations of individuals in group members  about each other. 2. personal self: personal self is defined as a unitary and continuous awareness of which one is and it is clear that how we should conceive of the social self and which can be varied as the groups to which we belong. 3. social context: the social context is both a source of threat and source of potential resources to deal with threats. 4. commitment: commitment to a group is a crucial moderating factor that determines the responses to different circumstances and the use of the resources available. 5. taxonomy feature: a central feature of taxonomy is that it specifies particular identity concerns as well as the conditions under which they are most likely to play a role. ARTICLE 14: Topic: Carl Rogers and the Culture of Psychotherapy Author: Martin Lakin 1. purpose of client centered psychotherapy: the main concept of client centered psychotherapy  is that of the self and the main purpose is  helping people overcome their problems, self-perceptions and self-experiencing thoughts. 2. non-directive therapy: in the non-directive therapy the therapist becomes a facilitator who helps but does not direct the therapy of the client. the designation client rather than patient reflects Roger’s intent to establish a more egalitarian relationship than that between the bewildered sufferer and knowledge expert in more traditional talk therapies. 3. Roger’s conception of therapy: in the Roger’s conception of therapy the clients can solve their personal psychological problems through self-exploration which leads the patients to better self-understanding if the therapist establishes and maintains the essential conditions of therapy. 4. Carl Roger’s research: Carl Roger’s initiated a considerable amount of research that opened the psycho-therapeutic  process to systemic observation,analysis and evaluation. He demonstrated that psychological treatment was amendable to systematic inquiry. 5. Group therapy: When Carl Roger’s was disappointed by the individual therapy, he then moved to the group therapy . Read More

The third result relates to Jung’s continual concern with the problem of religion as it is represented in the psychology of the individual. ARTICLE 3: Topic: My Views on the Role of Sexuality in the Etiology of the Neuroses* Author: Sigmund Freud 1. The theory “etiological significance of the sexual moment in the neuroses” had reference to morbid pictures comprehended as the “neurasthenia”. Sigmund Freud found two types that are: (a). actual neurasthenia: in typical cases of neurasthenia, the symptoms are masturbation or accumulated pollutions. (b). anxiety neurosis: in typical cases of anxiety neurosis, the factors are coitus interruptus or frustrated excitement. 2. Conception about the hysteria: Freud reached the conception that the hysterical symptoms are the permanent results of the psychic traumas and that amount of effect belonging to them was pushed away from conscious elaboration by special determination. 3. Hysteria: hysteria is the expression of a special behavior of the sexual function of the individual and this behavior was already decisively determined by the first effective influences and experiences of the childhood. 4. psychoanalysis of hysterical individuals shows us that the malady is the result of the conflict between the libido and the sexual repression and their symptoms have the value of a compromise between both psychic streams. 5. In the presence of neurosis, a normal adult sexual life is not possible.

ARTICLE 4: Topic: The Conception of the Unconscious Author: Carl G. Jung 1. division of the mind or psyche: according to Jungian theory, the mind or psyche is divided into three parts: 1. conscious ego 2. personal unconscious 3. the collective (universal, impersonal) unconscious 2. Contents of unconscious: according to Freud’s theory, the contents of the unconscious are limited to infantile wish tendencies, which are repeated on account of the incompatibility of their character. 3. Repression: repression is a process which begins in early childhood under the influence of environment and it continues throughout life.

Bad memory is the only consequence of repression and those people who have an excellent memory should have no repression. 4. Deep layers of unconscious: the annexation of the deeper layers of the unconscious are called impersonal unconsciousness which an extension of the personality which leads to state of God- Almightiness. This state is reached by continuation of the analytical work. 5. Persona:  persona is a mask of the collective psyche that is it is mask which stimulates individuality making others believe that one is individual.

ARTICLE 5: Topic: The Life Cycle: Epigenesis of Identity Author: Erik H. Erikson 1. Neurotic Conflicts: According to Frued’s discovery that neurotic conflict is not very different in content from the normative conflicts which every child must live through in his childhood. 2. Definition of Healthy: According to Marie Jahoda’s definition, “a healthy personality actively masters in his environment and shows a certain unity of personality and is able to perceive the world and himself correctly. 3. transition periods: according to erickson, “adolescence and other transition periods are an important time to develop and make an identity”. 4. Steps: According to Erickson, the personality develops through steps or stages rather than continuously. 5. Psychologically Alive: In order to remain psyholically alive the man should constant re-resolves the conflicts just as his body constantly struggles the encroachment of physical deterioration.

ARTICLE 6: Topic: Personal Construct Theory and the Psychotherapeutic Interview Author: George A. Kelly 1. Personal constructs theory: George H. Kelly, known for the theory “personal constructs”. This theory had a large impact on approaches to personality and on clinical practice. He used the model of the scientific method to describe human behavior, claiming that every person is, in his or her own particular way. 2.

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