The Three Main Types of Behavioral Analysis - Essay Example

Revision questions affiliation Task The three main types of behavioural analysis includes conceptual analysis, experimental analysis, and applied behaviour analysis. ABA entails the application of all the behavioural principles systematically. Essentially, it does focus on the daily situations meant to escalate or diminish daily behaviours. It is useful in diverse skills acquisition. The experimental analysis led to the induction of the Pavlov classical theory. It came up with the aspect of deductive learning via experiments performance. The conceptual analysis focus at the philosophies, historical and theoretical perspectives of the behaviour. Baer, Wolf and Risley defines Applied Behaviour analysis as a systematic process that does supply interventions with the basis of the learning theory. Its objective is to ensure that there is an improvement in the social behaviour into a meaningful degree. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the interventions did result in responsible behaviour. Seven dimensions of ABA are applied, generality, conceptual system, effective, technological, analytic and behavioural. Task 2 Reinforcement is any act that results to the strengthening or an increase in motivation of the individual behaviour, which is stimulated by an antecedent stimulus. Positive reinforcement facilitates the continuous occurrence of the behaviour even in the near future. Negative reinforcement involves removal of certain stimulus, hence making the organism to avoid that behaviour. Reinforcement may be immediate, signalled or unsignalled depending with the source of motivation. Temporal contiguity states that the learning process is faster when there is utilization of both verbal and non-verbal modes. Unconditioned response have a natural occurrence due to a specific stimulus, while conditioned response development involves the pairing process of a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus. Premark principle states that an opportunity to take part in beneficial activities strengthen less probable behaviours (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007). Task 3 A contingency refers to any aspect of a plan that may be true to bring up any angle of argument. The four-term contingency involves the usage of motivating factors that evoke a positive response, antecedent that alters the behaviour leading to a consequence. In stimulus control, an organism does behave in a specific way when a certain stimulus is present, and behaves in another way when the absence of the stimulus. Task 4 In continuous reinforcement, the behaviour undergoes reinforcement on its every moment of occurrence. Partial reinforcement involves regular strengthening of the behaviour. The four schedules of reinforcement are fixed ratios, variable ratio, fixed interval schedules and variable interval schedules. Under fixed ratios schedules, reinforcement does occur after several occurrences of responses. Variable ratio occurs under unpredictable events. In fixed interval response, the initial response receives a reward after the elapsing of a certain duration of time. Variable-interval occurs after the reward happens when unspecified time passes (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007). Task 5 Punishment involves imposition of positive or negative feeling in a person or an individual, with reference to a specific behaviour. Positive punishment is detrimental in reduction of occurrence rates of an undesirable behaviour. The consequence remains unfavourable, so the victim will always evade the consequence to remain safe from punishment. On the other hand, negative punishment is vital in ensuring that the occurrence of undesirable behaviour is minimized, often done by removing a favourable component away. Useful punishment does not go to the extreme end of violating the basic rights of the individual, but simply acts as a motivator. Task 6 Aversive control is the control and guidance of an individual behaviour by way of psychological noxious means, for example trying to affect better study habits by restricting a child’s allowance or restricting sexual contact until the partner complies with a certain request. Averse stimuli involves extreme ranges of conditions extremely high or below the normal while, it might include very loud noises. Some of the aversive functions of stimuli are reinforcement, discriminative and motivational which all are aimed at causing predestined outcome to in all situations. Task 7 Extinction is the process of gradual weakening on the conditional responses that leads into the disappearance of a particular behavior. Sometimes some people tend to confuse between forgetting and extinction. The major difference between extinction and forgetting is that forgetting involves unconditional unlearning of the unconditional responses while extinction involves the unconditional unlearning of conditional responses. However, one can eliminate a habit or behaviour by refusing to reinforce it, this is called an extinction burst. Task 8 Differential reinforcement is the process that aims at eliminating the undesirable traits or behaviours by the use of reinforcement in a structured way to encourage the desirable behaviours. Differential reinforcement can be informed of DRL or DRO, DRL allows an individual to be positive in the reduction of a particular inappropriate behaviour. On the other hand, in the DRI, an individual reinforces or rewards behaviours that prevent the occurrence of undesirable behaviours. By following this procedure, individuals will be reinforcing behaviours that cannot be displayed at the same time with the inappropriate behaviour. Therefore, if an individual can promote only the better or appropriate behaviour, it interferes with the bad and poor behaviours in our lives. Task 9 In psychology, imitation is the reproduction of an act, which is stimulated by the perception of the same act by another person or animal. Basically, it entails a model where the attentions as well as response of the imitator are directed. The term imitation coves various behaviours in organisms. In their native habitants, most of the young mammals often tend to copy the activities of the older members of the species or they can play with each other. In human beings, imitation includes every day experiences such as yawning. When one person yawns, a person close to him or her might end up yawning; this is because the person close to the yawner unconsciously as well as passively replicated the social conduct. Moreover, imitation includes other deliberate adoption of habits and ideas of others. Another good example is smiling. Task 10 Shaping is a behavioural term that refers to the gradual training or melding of an organism in order to perform a specific response by reinforcing or rewarding responses that are similar to the expected responses. Differential reinforcement is one of the methods that are used in shaping since only the expected responses are rewarded. If the organism undergoing shaping responds in the unexpected manner, it is not rewarded and it is discouraged by not getting a reward. Task 11 Chaining is the institutional procedure used in experimental analysis, behavioral psychology as well as applied behaviour analysis. The procedure involves reinforcing responses that occur in a sequence to result to a complex behaviour. On the other hand, a behaviour chain is referred to as a string of discrete behaviours that have been combined to form a finished chain. For instance, all dog competitors require the dogs to perform particular behaviour chains; this is either in a predictable manner or in a manner directed by the handler. Consequently, all the successful trainers have leaned on how to establish these behavioural chains, Even if they were not intending to create them. References Cooper, Heron, & Heward. (2007). Development of Applied Behavior Analysis. In Applied Behavior Analysis (2nd ed.). Pearson Education. Read More