Mental Health and Its Impact on Children - Thesis Example

Mental Health and its impact on Children Mental Health Background Mental health remains one of the principal concerns for healthcare practitioners and other stakeholders, not only in the UK, but in other societies as well. The importance of mental health traverses economic, social, and cultural backgrounds hence the need for better comprehension. Facilities dedicated to the care of patients with mental health and affiliated illnesses in England can be dated back to the Middle Age, such as the Bethlem Hospital, which was established in 1247 (Jones, 1972). However, treatment approaches were largely experimental and myths about mental ailments were also prevalent thus inhibiting proper and organised care delivery. During these early ages, treatment was archaic, primarily involving therapy and counselling within community settings. Although there was no organised methodical care, there was a strong culture involving documentation and description of mental ailments. This paved way for heightened interest in mental health, hence the emergence of organised societal settings for research and care in form of asylums in the 19th century (Bewley, 2008). Treatments offered in these early asylums were primitive, involving oral administration of experimental sedatives such laudanum and bath therapies, aimed at calming down disturbed patients. These asylums barely distinguished the causes of mental health issues. They usually provided similar long term boarding care for a broad array of patients including individuals with learning problems, epilepsy, dementia from different causes, and even perceived “moral defects” (Burton, 2001). With time, however, asylum care progressed significantly, incorporating advanced drug and psychiatric treatment. The latter progress made way for de-institutionalisation of mental health care in England, in the mid to late 20th century. Closure of asylum-like institutions, as provided for under government policy, has led to development of the contemporary community-based mental health services. These modern mental health services are characterised by advanced and humane care (McCulloch, Glover, & St John, 2003). Despite the significant milestones reached in mental health service in the UK, poor mental health remains a challenge. According to a recent survey by the UK government, bad mental health is the primary causative factor of disability in the UK. The study also showed that poor mental health is closely linked to other problems such as physical ailments, poor social relationships, and reduced work productivity. This paper seeks to explore mental health and its effect on children. The literary analysis is in recognition of the need for better comprehension of mental health, if the UK society is to improve the aforementioned aspects of individuals’ lives from an early age. Mental Health Definition Prior to understanding the detailed aspects of mental health, it is imperative to explore some of definitions associated with the issue. Mental Health has been defined in many different ways according to cultural differences, methods of assessment and the application of the professional theories. What may seem sound mental health to one community may sometimes be regarded as a mental disorder by another, depending on the cultures of these two distinctive communities (Jorm, 2002). The method of assessment used by a health care provider may render an individual as either being in good mental health or mentally ill, depending on the intensity of the assessment. Thus, some assessment methods will dig deeper into the elements of mental health while others will only judge from the obvious behaviours. For instance, a social worker can only assess the behavioural aspects of mental health whereas a physician is able to examine the hippocampus in the brain (Tuckett, 2010). In this particular instance, the two assessors may have different appraisals of one individual; the social worker may overlook the biology of the brain and declare the individual as mentally fit if there was no behavioural problem. Following these variations in the criteria for mental health diagnosis, a number of definitions have been brought forward. On top of the list of definitions is that mental health is the psychological well being of a person (Keyes, 2002). This definition implies that one has to be in a constant state of emotional and psychological wellness for him to be referred to as mentally healthy. The attribute of psychological well-being is usually seen in how an individual tackles the daily challenges of life to retain his happiness. In general, a mentally healthy person is one who is psychologically functioning at a standard level of behaviour and emotions. Good mental health, therefore, is the capability of an individual to balance all the issues of life and the activities he does on a day to day basis (Patel, 2002). This definition lays the foundation for operations and mental health services delivery in many modern institutions. For instance, many mental health institutions provide psychiatric care, aimed at helping patients regain behavioural and emotional stability, hence psychological health necessary for rational decision making and consequent productive life. An earlier definition by Wilkie (1990) stipulates that, mental health is the absence of mental disorders. This definition dictates that for one to be declared mentally healthy, an examination has to be performed on his/her neurological system to establish the presence or absence of any mental disorder. Any neurological evidence of mental disease could result in a poor mental health diagnosis. Although applicable to biological defect related mental disorders, this definition overlooks the behavioural aspects of humans (Thomson, 2007). It is inclined to the biological concept of mental illness. The biological concept bases its explanations on biological factors such as genetics and the general physiology of the human being. In this approach, all mental disorder is treated as a medical condition that requires the same attention as other human diseases. Here, anyone is vulnerable to mental illness depending on the effects of his lifestyle on his physiology (Trimble, 2012). The medical concept and treatment of mental illness focuses on the inheritance of faulty genes. A mentally ill patient may have inherited faulty genes from their parents. This person may also bear children with the same mental health problem. Therefore, in treating such a condition, the doctor may sometimes need to probe for more information on the family lineage of the patient so as to establish the true cause of the disorder. However, not all mental disorders are caused by genes. Some disorders may be caused by infections in the brain. There are sensitive parts of the brain that when attacked by severe infections, may lead to disorientation of the nervous system. Other causes may be physical injuries. For instance, when the head is hit by an object, it may cause a severe injury to the brain, leading to mental illness. The prolonged intake of some hard drugs can also cause mental disorder (Prabuh, 2014). Medical doctors must, therefore, establish the real cause of the mental disorder before recommending the appropriate treatment approach for the patient. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2014), aspects of mental health include: perceived self-efficacy, competence, autonomy, subjective well-being and the individual conceptualisation of his emotional and intellectual potentials. However, the psychological fitness of an individual will greatly depend on his life skills, the ability to cope with stressful situations in life, useful activity and his contributions to society. An individual with degraded mental health may constantly experience depressions, anxiety, addiction, relationship problems, mood swings and learning problems. WHO has reported that almost half of the world population has been affected by mental illness, and this situation has been interfering with their activities and lifestyles; since poor mental health frequently leads to physical illness and substance abuse. Every behaviour of an individual is always the portrayal of his mental status. Therefore, it is always very important to maintain good mental health in order to enhance human longevity (Richards, 2010). Global Mental Health is the new field of study, investigation and practices that are aimed at achieving and maintaining equity in the mental health of every person in the world. Counsellors, psychologists, physicians, social workers and nurses are some of the personnel that can help people manage their mental health through counselling, therapy and medication, depending on the degree of the mental health problem (Katherine, 2000). Effects of Mental Health on Children The UK publication of Child and Adolescent Mental Health also puts the common mental disorders in children and teenagers as anxiety, phobias, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Asperger Syndrome, bullying and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). A research report in this publication indicates that 10% of children and teenagers aged between 6 and 16 years have mental problems (CAMH, 2014). This state of mind sometimes hinders communication and socialization of the child with others. The fellow age mates may fear talking to mentally ill children since there is often a communication breakdown in the course of the conversation (ODPM, 2004). Children with disruptive behavior disorders, on the other hand, will not follow simple instructions. It is also imperative to note that, in the UK alone, over 850000 children and young people have been found to be suffering from mental disorders (YoungMinds, 2014). According to Children and Young People Mental Health Coalition (CYPMHC, 2014), failure to address the issue of mental health in the early stages of life is what has made the UK government to spend close to 8 billion sterling pounds in treating the adverse impacts of mental illness in these children. Poor mental health is also associated with other mental disorders to children in the early stages of their development. Such disorders may be diagnosed as early as infancy, though not in all children. It is very hard to notice the symptoms of disorder in some children while they are still very young. The most common mental disorders that usually result from the poor mental health include: Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), behaviour disorders, anxiety, mood swings, autism, substance abuse and many others. Some of these disorders start in the early stages of childhood and persist throughout the life of the affected person if not addressed early enough. Most of these behaviour-linked disorders usually reach peak in teenage years (Johnny, 2008). The negative psychological impact of mental health problems on children cannot be overlooked. For instance, kids with mental problems have a higher predisposition to emotional stress and subsequent depression, compared to those that are mentally healthy. According to Smith (2011), there is a strong association between stressful life events and depression. The author is emphatic that people exposed to stressful conditions more readily develop depression than individuals in stress free environs. Such stressful conditions, which alter a person’s mental stability, may include money problems and social pressures. Children and young people are not adequately equipped to handle such pressure, which explains the current prevalence of depression among young people than it did a few years ago. Depression, in most cases, afflicts children who have reached puberty, given the difficulty associated with transitioning from childhood to adulthood (Smith, 2011). Extreme depression may lead to an individual taking his own life. This happens when the depressed person does not come out his condition and decides to keep his problems to himself. However, this condition is more relevant in adults than in children. In anxiety, an individual responds to a particular worrying situation with fear and nervousness. Signs of anxiety can be increased pulse rate and excessive sweating. A mentally healthy person may not show anxiety in the same situation. In the case of ADHD, a child may have problems with distracted attention and listening. Such a child will not easily settle down in one location and concentrate on one thing (CDC, 2013). The ADHD affected children hardly understand what is taught in class hence, always perform dismally in class tests. Affective or mood disorder makes a child experience conflicting moods within a short period of time. Such a child is quickly and easily irritated with the environment and the people around him. Normally, the child is always in bad moods. This state of mind sometimes hinders communication and socialization of the child with others. Children with disruptive behaviour disorders, on the other hand, exhibit difficulty in following simple instructions (CDC, 2004). Such youngsters showcase a higher predisposition to defying conventional directives, compared to their mentally healthy counterparts. As a result of these disruptive tendencies, children that suffer from mental health problems may have a higher likelihood of exhibiting delinquent behaviour, hence being more involved with criminal justice systems (Posada, 2004). Youths and Children that suffer from mental disorders may also have lower academic achievement than mentally healthy individuals, owing to diminished concentration capability. Another detrimental effect of poor mental health on children is the inability to form strong social ties with others. The latter perhaps explains why mentally unhealthy children have longer-term placement in the welfare system, with few stable foster home placements, compared to their healthy peers. Further, mental health problems in children may aggravate feelings of isolation and desertion, prompting the affected persons to venture into vices such as substance abuse, among others. These mental health problems separate the affected children from the unaffected ones. People do not easily understand them. It is, however, important to note that these conditions are not only for the children. The disorders may persist into adulthood, thus, even adults experience the aforesaid disorders (NRCIM, 2009). Children whose mental disorders have persisted throughout their childhood usually have a very rough time in socialising with other children, both in school and at home. A child diagnosed with a mental illness may be may discriminated against or isolated from the rest. Such stigmatisation will always lead to the child having more depression thereby worsening the mental condition (ODPM, 2004). The situation inhibits the education of the child in two major ways. One way is through the stigmatization and isolation. The second way is through the difficulty of the child to develop cognitive skills. This implies that, most children with mental health problems may lack the ability to make rational decisions. For instance, a mentally ill child may react violently to a friendly gesture. Others, having been adversely affected by their conditions, may turn mute for a long period of time. Such children, therefore, may require more attention in home and learning settings compared to mentally healthy children (Oakland, 2008). According to Carol and Cullen (2011), children with poor mental health may showcase behavioral setbacks, which distinguish them from their mentally healthy counterparts. As a result, such children may experience difficulty conforming to societal norms; hence some of their actions and interests may conflict with those of others. They may want to be given all the attention and, if they fail to get the attention, they may act awkwardly in retaliation. Behavioural problems may eventually lead to substance abuse, an act which only worsens the mental state of the child. Some substances such as marijuana, may cause deterioration in the neurological and psychological system of an individual since it disorganises hippocampus; the memory box of the brain. The child, therefore, will end up having more mental problems that are difficult to treat. Substance abuse is not only a result of behavioural problems, but, can also be the root cause of mental disorder, especially in adolescents (Carol & Cullen, 2011). Fortunately, most of the aforementioned mental disorders can be diagnosed and treated when they are suspected at their onset stages. It is, therefore, the responsibility of guardians and persons close to children to be very watchful and report to the health care providers any strange sign of mental disorder (Davey, 2008). If a disorder reaches a certain stage, it may become incurable and the child will have to sustain it throughout his or her life. Davey (2008) is keen to note that, when treated, kids and youths suffering from mental health problems significantly improve, thus performing better in their homes, learning environs, and in the community at large. Research on Effects of Mental Health on Children In the evolution of thought about human mental health, a good deal of research has been conducted in an attempt to ascertain more facts and improve this aspect of human health. In recent years, several organizations and individuals have carried out studies to prove one point or another in the wide topic of the mental health of children. Between 2005 and 2011, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) did research called Mental Health Surveillance among Children. The key objective of this research was to monitor the mental health of children between the ages of 3 and 17 in the United Kingdom. Another objective was to estimate the number of children with various mental disorders and to determine the most vulnerable age group for particular mental disorders. The CDC did this research in conjunction with other organisations such the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). All of these four came together with a common goal of attaining a more comprehensive understanding of children’s mental health and disorders and, the impacts of such disorders on the children (Patel, 2002). In 2012, a psychologist, Sidra Aslam conducted research to explore the experiences of the children and young people in care with Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). The children and young people in care usually suffer from various mental health problem yet many researchers normally fail to consider them in the many investigations carried out in the nation. Sidra, thus, thought it wise to consider this marginalised category of children. The looked-after children, Sidra says, always have varied experiences while at the CAMHS. This was, therefore, a case study to ascertain the experiences of these children at CAMHS and also to examine the therapeutic interventions at the CAMHS. The objectives of the study were to identify the barriers of the looked-after children to attend the CAMHS and to find ways of improving the CAMHS for these children. The third objective was to establish the general experiences of the looked-after in various facilities of CAMHS (Sidra, 2012). Currently, Dr. Michael Salter, the Head of the Neurosciences and Mental Health Program in Wales, is leading a team of researchers from all over the world in doing research on the nervous system in children’s mental health. This research focuses on the medical aspects and has employed the examination of proteins, genes and other biological molecules in the brain so as to determine the causes and effects of the mental diseases. The research is aimed at developing preventive measures and therapies for children’s mental health problems. Dr. Salter says that their main goal is to improve the quality of life of these children to enable them attain a standard education and uplift society. Some of the key areas of study in this research include cognitive dysfunctions and functions, developmental and pathological neurology and complex neuron disorders (Trimble, 2012). The Main Arguments of the Researches According to the findings of the CDC research, 13%–20% of children in the United States are living with a mental disorder in a given year. The main mental disorders that most of the US children suffer from are: Attention-Deficit and Hyperactive Disorders, anxiety, Autism and Depression. Among these disorders, ADHD was found to be the most prevalent in many children aged between 3 to 17 years (CDC, 2013). Another finding of this research is that boys were more likely than girls to suffer from mental disorder. Boys are always more hyperactive than their counterparts. They will always want to socialize and try new ideas, thus, may easily abuse substances. Adolescent boys were also more likely to commit suicide and the girls more likely to undergo depression as adolescents. At adolescence, many changes occur in children. The changes are both physical and psychological. Many children cope well with such changes while others may fail to understand themselves and end up in a disorientated state. Adolescent children begin to develop a self-concept and self- efficacy. Many of adolescents want to set goals and follow ambitions, some of which are hardly achievable. When their needs and goals are not addressed, these young men and women will always experience stress, anxiety and, occasionally, suicidal depression. However, boys usually get more frustrated than girls, hence, are more likely to commit suicide at this stage. This argument accords with another finding of the same research that the chances of contracting a mental disorder increase with age. As a child approaches adolescent stage, many psychological and behavioural changes take place in his body system and such changes may sometimes lead to disorientation if the child does not get proper care and guidance (Prabhu, 2014). Traumatic events that happen to the children may also interfere with their mental well-being. These events may include the death of a loved one, rape, war and other horrific situations that leave bad memories behind. Other factors referred to in the CDC report were: separation of their parents, discrimination, playing adult roles in the family, and a long-term educational problem. Such factors usually lead to the isolation and depression of a child. Long-term depression will lead to unstable mental health and, if there is no available medical attention, the child may have a mental health crisis (Munce, 2007). Sidra, on the other hand, argues that the main barriers of children and young people in care to attending the CAMHS are that the children and the social workers are not always in a consistent contact with each other and that the social workers are always absent from their jobs. In the long run, the children always get tired of the long wait for their assessment and thus, give up on such programs. This situation only leads to more children having mental problems which are unattended to. The mentally challenged children will, therefore, take long time to recover or even continue to live with their condition. Dr. Salter, as a medical doctor, argues that mental health depends on a number of biological factors. According to him, mental disorder may be as a result of genes inherited from a mentally unhealthy parent. Substance abuse can cause permanent damage to the brain and render a child mentally disabled. Lastly, he argues that some mental detriment may be the result of head injuries (Cpernito, 2008). Research done thus far can be used to support evidence-based practice in the care of children’s mental health. Methods used to investigate the effects of mental health Dr. Salter used medical evidence and the remaining two researches applied an evidence-based investigation in establishing the impact of mental health on children. The CDC research employed the use of interviews, questionnaires and direct behavioural observation techniques during data collection. The first step was to identify the locations in USA that were adversely affected with behavioural related crimes. Then, the researchers identified the individual families and children. These individuals would be asked to volunteer for the study. Family members of the affected children were interviewed to give more reliable information about the impacts of mental health (CDC, 2014). The CDC research team also visited hospitals that offer mental health treatment and interacted with the affected families. Through the assessment of the patient families, the researchers obtained information that was valid and relevant to the objectives of the study. In determining the range and intensity of mental health and disorders in the children, CDC researchers further divided the sample according to age and gender. Sidra also used semi-structured interviews to carry out his investigation on the impacts of mental health among the looked-after children. This interview used an activity relevant to personal construct psychology (PCP). Thematic analysis was then done children’s attendance and experiences of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (Sidra, 2012). Awareness and Reactions of the children on Mental Health Children, in the earliest stages of life, are not always aware of their mental health and its impacts. Infants usually do not understand their mental processes since they have not fully developed their cognitive capacity. Most of them do not understand the environment they are in and, therefore, solely depend on their elders for guidance and care. Hence, a mentally distressed infant cannot tell whether he is normal or not. At this stage, the parents have the mandate to observe their children and assist them in understanding some simple processes such as elimination (Wikie, 1990). As children continue to grow, the brain matures and they begin to familiarize themselves with their surroundings and their body systems. An adolescent who has autism may look at himself and see that he quite different from the rest. However, very severe mental complications may not allow children to discern their conditions (Hattie, 2004). The reactions to mental health impacts may usually start early at the infancy. For instance, a young baby may cry when he has been attacked by a slight headache. The adolescent children react differently to different life situations. Some will cope with hard circumstances while others may be overwhelmed and succumb to depression. The hyperactive children may react with violence to an irritating situation (Greg, 1999). According to Pryjmachuk et al. (2014), self-care support is the most effective way to handle children with mental problems. This kind of framework that includes self-awareness, coupled with familial and peer support will, in the long run, help these children gain relevant knowledge and life skills (CAMH, 2014). However, the Mental Health Foundation (2014) stresses that those who raise mental health awareness among kids and youngsters must have unique child-centered virtues. This would aid in avoiding overly negative reaction to diagnosis and consequent treatment measures thus increasing efficacy of mental illness management. Public Mental Health Policies: Successes and Challenges The UK government, since early 1980s, has made several amendments to their Mental Health Policies (Thornicroft, 2007). Such policies have always been there to improve the mental wellbeing of the nation and offer more care to mental challenged persons. The 1983 Mental Health Policy was the first major policy to be established and implemented by the UK government. The policy did quite well in service delivery and health improvement. However, this policy still had some loopholes that could allow the mentally ill patients to be stigmatized in the community. Therefore, there was an urgent need to come up with more holistic policies that would cater for all the needs of the mentally ill children. In 2007, the Mental Health Act was enacted under UK Legislation. This policy put in place amendments to the 1983 policy. The 2007 policy focused on the extension of compulsory powers in the community. In the year 2011, the government of the United Kingdom published a mental health policy called “No Health without Mental Health”. This policy has been instrumental in the surveillance and maintenance of the mental health of the entire UK population by advocating for more mental health prioritization. In so doing, this policy has enhanced the survival chances of the mentally ill children in the UK. The Health and Social Care Act has also been a success in minimizing the disparities between physical and the mental health care. This policy has narrowed the gap in the service provision between these two aspects of health. Therefore, the policy has greatly improved the mental health services by advocating for the prevention, diagnosis and proper treatment of the children with various mental problems (Department of Health, 2014). However, there are still significant gaps in provision of mental health services for children, not just as a result of the increasing number of mentally ill kids, but also due to insufficiency of these services in various parts of the country. 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