Humanistic Theory: Systemic Factors - Essay Example

They have also described the conditions that lead to the development of disorders and the mechanisms that govern dysfunctional thinking. According to Maslow, human needs are arranged in a hierarchy in which the needs necessary for survival are at the bottom (Plotnik, 2005); and thus people need to sufficiently satisfy lower needs in order to focus on higher needs. He also described Self Actualized persons – who are people who are able to develop their abilities to the highest level possible (Plotnik, 2005).

Maslow believed that disorders fall to the other end of the spectrum from Self Actualization; and occur when needs are not met appropriately (Burger, 1993); or when something inhibits the individual from fulfilling needs. Rogers also believed that people aspire for personal growth; and that they constantly strive to achieve this growth (Carver & Scheier, 2000). He proposed that people have an ideal version of themselves in their minds; and they try to actualize as much of this ideal self as possible.

When they have positive experiences, individuals feel a congruence that makes them want to seek out similar experiences (Carver & Scheier, 2000). On the other hand, when people have negative experiences; they perceive themselves as moving away from the ideal self; and experience incongruence which leads to defensive behavior and disordered functioning (Burger, 1993). Deci focused on individual’s ability to regulate internally and to motivate themselves towards a goal. According to this theory of Self regulation, an individual is likely to achieve more goals and is also able to extract more meaning from these goals when he/she is internally motivated (Funder, 2001).

On the other hand; negative feedback and challenging conditions can undermine the person’s ability to make decisions (Funder, 2001). Some common elements that are described in all these theories pertain to the different relationships that an individual has. Childhood relationships with significant adults have been given importance by each of the theorists (Carver & Scheier, 2000). While Deci believes that parents and other caretakers like teachers are responsible for the child learning to internalize motivation and choices; Rogers believes that they are responsible for providing the child with unconditional love and acceptance (Funder, 2001).

Maslow believes that affiliation needs feature prominently during different stages of a person’s life (Plotnik, 2005); and unless they are fulfilled; it is difficult for the individual to reach within themselves and develop their abilities (Carver & Scheier, 2000). Relationships in later life are often based on templates that are formed in childhood, and thus childhood relationships with adults and peers can affect an individual’s ability to form relationships even in adulthood (Funder, 2001).

Another aspect of the individual that is strongly affected by their close relationships is the way the individual perceives themselves. An individual who receives positive feedback and acceptance from significant others views him/herself in a positive manner; and thus develops positive expectations from the self (Burger, 1993). These individuals are able to provide