Online Pathology - Research Paper Example

Online Pathology Abstract This paper intends to avail a comprehensive discussion on online pathology through the disturbed gambling online. The internet pathology has received a profound popularity in the global scope due to its impacts on the parties involved. The psychological effects attributed to by the online pathology leads to effects linked to both physiological and psychological effects. Internet gambling contributes to the alterations taking place in the internet on the presentation of pathology. Online gambling also facilitates the contemporary forms of pathology such as the addiction to games and can be utilized in explaining online pathology (LaBrie & Shaffer, 2010). This work presents a review of numerous empirical evaluations, which examine (i) pathological gambling in general, (ii) how gambling is changed online in ways that might facilitate the development of pathological gambling, (iii) what is known about the incidence and demographics of problematic online gambling. In this case, there would be examinations of the parties vulnerable for developing complications and etiological facets, (iv) the victimization of the people who participate in the disturbed online gambling, (v) the etiological factors would be addressed, and their treatment would be linked to online gambling and pathology (Griffiths, 2010). Regarding to the appraisal of the extant knowledge on the publications utilized herein, there is an experiential substantiation that the internet is shifting how pathology can be manifested amongst individuals. The evidence also discloses that the internet also trigger the current appearances of pathology. Breaches in the existing literature and suggestions for prospect research are conferred to assist in elaborating on the evaluation of online gambling and its implications on the persons involved. Introduction Internet gambling is one of the fastest developing activities with gambling connections in the industry (LaBrie & Shaffer, 2010). Pathological gambling incorporates a state in an individual, which prompts the person into impulsive gambling activities. The victims of pathological gambling cannot resist the urge to involve in gambling. Online gambling has complex connections with numerous facets in life since it accompanies the fundamental aspects such as psychological and physiological manifestations (Rockloff & Greer, 2010). The target of this exercise is to highlight the perspectives onto which the internet is changing the approach in which pathology is manifested amongst individuals. According to Lloyd et al, there is the essence in learning more concerning the health experiences of persons who participate in the internet gambling. The need for examination of online gambling results from the clinical consequence of the disturbed gambling and its accompanied distinct isolation caused by the internet. This article provides the present research on the utilization of faster internet into performing activities online, which can manifest negative effects on the users besides the gains. Human health operates from a connection of hormonal regulations and the neural systems. When an individual is exposed to emotional trauma, there is a chance that the individual would succumb to psychological defects such as stress and mental imbalance (Lioyd et al, 2010). The psychological effects act as the intermediate between the physiological and the psychological attributes of life. For instance, depression in an individual caused by stress may trigger abnormal secretion of hormones and other body substances such as bile juice. The secretions may exceed normal concentration in blood or the walls of glands such as the stomach. Thus, may trigger physiological disorders. Internet gambling is relevant in this scenario because its effects such as embarrassment, harassment may attribute to shock and extreme emotional variations (Rockloff & Greer, 2010). Medical research and science utilize biomarkers to outline normal and abnormal functionalities to recognize the existence or absence of a condition in an individual (Kumar, Dee. & Velan, 2010). The logical substitutes to behavioral probes, which can provide a measure the reaction to interventions, are incorporated in the procedures (Lloyd et al, 2010). The syndrome mode of addiction incorporates risk factors, impermanent proximal or distal biomarkers and behavioral indicators for addiction (LaBrie & Shaffer, 2010). Internet gambling creates records of exceptional detail since computers have the capacity to record and store every element of information. Computer facilities essential for the internet allows a new platform that can change the overall data collection, and the specific gambling patterns. The technique focuses on the exact behavior instead of the self- report (LaBrie & Shaffer, 2010). Current research proves that involvement in the online gambling has highly developed in the past decade. For instance, a research held between 1999 and 2000 provided that, 0.4% of the US adults had participated in the online gambling during the previous year. The same research institute carried out a similar research on the US adolescents and the young adults through the years 2005 and 2007. The report revealed that there was a gambling experience amongst the individuals of 2.0%. The increase in the gambling involvements among the people of 1.6% within the duration of five years constitutes a higher rate of the activity. The spontaneous progression of internet gambling admittance prompted public health considerations among policy makers and advocates (LaBrie & Shaffer, 2010). Other researchers also emphasized that internet gambling associates further worries due to their features such as effortlessness entrance, weaknesses in the rules of internet betting services and privacy of utilization. Scope of the review This exercise focused on surveying the empirical works concerning the effects of internet on the modification of the current forms of online pathology and disturbed online gambling. The studies involved in this research met the following specifications. The articles met all the specifications of quality reviews, addressed online pathology, elaborated issues on gambling and attended to behavioral patterns amongst the gambling addicts. All these studies were considered suitable for the inspection because of their explicit outline of the disturbed online gambling (McComb & Sabiston, 2010). Methodology The sample consisted of both adults and children from assorted parts of states in proportions. The recruitment was carried out from the community via ads, internet postings fliers, and through physical means at the treatment centers. The inclusion model consisted of the prevailing PTSD and PD or both. The age demanded the age below teen and teens to be considered as minors. Conversely, the ages of 18 years and above were regarded as adults (Najavits, 2010). Tentatively, there was a clear understanding that the issue of online pathology affected the ages between 15 and 30 years through internet gambling. The telephone screen used in the beginning had two item gambling trouble screen and four-item PTSD screen (Najavits, 2010). The participants attended in-person evaluations via the telephone screen that accompanied the Diagnostic Interview for Gambling Severity-Revised (DIGS-R), to examine PG and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) (Najavits, 2010). The participants provided the information that was later used throughout the analysis and the explanations. The questionnaire was designed to evaluate gambling habit, problems linked to gambling, gambling treatment, family and marital matters, job and finances, crime, demographics, physical and mental health (McComb & Sabiston, 2010). The study module was assessed and endorsed by the qualified surveyors and examiners and proved to be capable of providing admissible data for evaluation and rational judgment. The sample was then weighed to amend the disparities and to reflect the known demographic features of the populace (McComb & Sabiston, 2010). Findings Pathological gambling victimizes individuals by leading them to a situation of incapability to resist gambling desires (Rockloff & Greer, 2010). Pathological gambling affects both men and women at varying instances throughout lifetime. The defect begins during the earlier adolescent in males while in women; the condition is developed between the ages of twenty and forty years. Pathological gambling always accompanies repetitive actions and the affected find difficulty in managing the condition. In persons who contract pathological gambling end up to a gambling routine. Tense conditions may result into worsening of the situation. Individuals experiencing pathological gambling feel embarrassed and avoid others from noticing their condition (Kumar, Dee. & Velan, 2010). The findings also led to an understanding that the victims of pathological gambling possess typical features that make them unique. The individuals feel irritated whenever they attempt to refrain from gambling. Pathologic gamblers would indulge into crime to obtain money for gambling. Gamblers lies severally on the amount spent in the activity. Most are typical in their unsuccessful numerous attempts to stop the habit. Gamblers would almost invest more money min the activity attempting to recover the previous losses. They spend longer time thinking of how to obtain more cash from gambling and result into losing relationships or job chances. There are changes resulting from the online gambling that attempt to attract many people into gambling and retain the existing members. Gambling has ensured employment of different mechanisms to modify its form online in manners that might ease the development of pathological gambling. The defect of pathological gambling results from the giving of services in gambling that tends to retain the members by offering the services, which the members perceive as favorable (Hume & Mort, 2011). Online gambling has ensured compulsion among the gamblers through easy access. Gamblers have found ease in reaching the gambling site registration and admittance. The sites have been manipulated to increase efficiency to the users (King & Barak, 2009 ). The action of improving the online gambling services attempt to alleviate the problem of accessibility of the members and the new, interested individuals. There are services and offers such as twenty four-hour support system. The support system is offered by the administrators of the sites to ease the registration and avail customer care services to members. The administrators also station themselves to answer controversial questions among the members and clarify issues. Online gambling has maintained the privacy of the members to avert intrusion from those who are not permitted for the information. The privacy of the gamblers has become challenging even to the law by causing complications in an attempt to trace the gamblers. The difficulty is due to the efficiency in the performance of gambling activities via the internet. Processes such as betting and payments of money can be performed online effectively. The security provisions by the organizers make the members to feel assured of safety against the law. Therefore, gamblers would continue with the activity without doubt. The weaknesses in gambling rules that attempt to violate the gamblers’ rules in favor of members’ interests have increased its popularity amongst the members. The members would feel no restrictions in doing their wishes provided that, the gambling activity progresses (Griffiths, 2010). The demographics and the etiological factors that might sway the occurrence of the online pathology include age, race and gender. The lifetime incidence of trouble and pathological gambling is relatively low among female adults of over sixty- five and Asians. Subsequent evaluations also revealed that there was an evident connection between gender and family support. Among the female adolescent only, family sustenance was positively related to the dangers of gambling (McComb & Sabiston, 2010). The lifetime occurrence of the pathological gambling defects is higher amidst the African Americans, the disabled and the unemployed (Volberg, Nysse-Carris & Gerstein, 2006). The etiological aspects in this case emphasizes on the activity of individuals and the race. The higher prevalence of the defect amongst the low active persons such as the unemployed and the disabled is attributed by their regard to the gambling as the sole option activity. Even though, lifetime rate of the problem and pathological gambling are exceptionally raised among these demographic groups, each represents only a minor fraction of the total populace. Consequentially, in complete numbers, the majority of the problem pathological gamblers are not in these small groups (Volberg, Nysse-Carris & Gerstein, 2006). The online gambling has contributed to several cases of victimization of the participants and non- participants. This means victimization from online gambling can also arise to persons who are not targeted straightly by the malicious users of the internet. Nonetheless, some individuals engage in the activities of gambling and eventually are victimized. The victimization involves ion of individuals to the internet gambling and loss of money in gambling process (LaBrie & Shaffer, 2010). Discussion There are four developing concepts of essence highlighted by the industry, (i) the internet gambling is prominent, (ii) online gambling has a strong determined following group (iii) faster internet has promoted the accessibility of internet gambling, and (iv) faster access of the online gambling has facilitated faster payment channels. The reasoning provided concerning gambling proposes that gambling is dangerous among the youth followers because of their ignorance and age. The legislation provides a policy preventing the participation of younger people of below the age of eighteen years. Nonetheless, there is a limited research postulating that there is credit card fraud attributed by the participation of the younger people to make and receive payments through older relatives and friends. Further studies into the payment procedures and the divided gambling actions that may result within families can avail more suggestions that can offer solutions to the gambling utilization and aversion measures (McComb & Sabiston, 2010). Additionally, there are motivational factors realized amongst the youth and adults. The youth are identified as the vulnerable pleasure- seeking followers of gambling. Nonetheless, there is no apparent suggestion that all the youth indulging in gambling will become addicted. According to this explanation, there might exist no absolute reasoning to link gambling with future defects and effects on the financial outcomes, prevention is necessary. Hence, negative harm regulation strategy has been projected as the most appropriate to limit the harmful impacts of gambling on all the participants. Disturbed gambling results can attribute to pathological and continued disaster; therefore, regulation at the initial stages adoption phase would assist in future management of the effects. These measures would serve as forms of avoidance and treatment of the condition (Najavits, 2010) Recommendation Gambling pathology is a destructive condition in life and should be averted before occurrence. Harm limiting regulations and implementations are suggested to aid in the control of problem gambling. The measures are also essential in deterring the extreme and poorly informed online gambling activities from transforming intro pathological status. Enlightenment and harm control have to be considered, encouragement in the examination and avoidance of both young and adults from engaging in gambling activities. Harm minimization processes related to all facets of gambling should be directed to the internet addressing the gamblers and the government. Learning institutions and voluntary services should also impart awareness on gambling among the youth adults and other learning institutions through circulars to foster awareness of gambling and the accompanied risks. All gambling sites and portals should contain links describing the problems on the disturbed gambling and the effects of internet pathology it entails. There should also be chat-rooms and internet counseling services to generate advisory servicers to the site users and the gamblers. Advertising standards should be initiated that explicitly promote gambling activities and elaborate the impacts of gambling among the population. Open education campaigns related to gambling should be created and spread through sites (Griffiths, 2010). Complementary research is required to reduce the negative consequence of gambling on youth and this study conveyed through networks targeting youth users (McComb & Sabiston, 2010). Conclusion There are clear evidences that the stable dangers of online gambling are either neglected or underestimated by the gamblers. There are also misconceptions of online gambling among the youth as a form of game, reward or fun (Hume & Mort, 2011). Gambling ahs attained different forms in the internet that has promoted the misunderstanding amongst the people and encourage its access, hence facilitating pathological gambling. The male adolescent are at highest risks and have to be keen in the regulation of internet gambling (McComb & Sabiston, 2010). The groups that are highly vulnerable to internet gambling and the consequential effects of online pathology ignore the effects of the condition (Kumar, Dee. & Velan, 2010). People liable to online pathology ignore probable addiction, negative social effects and financial loss. This piece has offered explanations on online gambling and pathology and has posed this subject as an area accommodating further elaborations and studies. References Griffiths, D. M (2010). Empirical Internet Gambling Research (1996-2008): Some Further Comments. Nottingham: Psychologyu Division, International Gaming Research Unit Hume, M & Mort, S. G (2011). Fun, Friend or Foe: Youth Perceptions and Definitions of Online Gambling. Vol. 17 (No. 1). Springer: New York King, A. S & Barak, A (2009). Compulsive Internet Gambling: A New Form of an Old Clinical Pathology. London: Mary Ann Liebert Inc. Kumar S., Dee, F. & Velan, G (2011). Benefits of Testable Concept Maps for Learning about Pathogenesis of Disease. New York: Routledge LaBrie, R. & Shaffer, J. H (2010). Identifying Behavioural Marker for Disordered Internet Sports Gambling. London: Harvard Medical School Lloyd, J., Doll, H., Hawton, K., Dutton, H. W., Geddes, R. J., Godwin, M. G. & Rogers, D. R (2010). A Latent Class Analysis of their Behaviours and Health. New York: Springer Science and Business Media McComb, L. J & Sabiston M. C (2010). Family Influences on Adolescent Gambling Behaviour. New York: Springer Science+ Business Najavits, L (2010). Treatment Utilization of Pathological Gamblers With and Without PTSD. New York: Springer Science+ Business Rockloff, J. M & Greer N (2010). Never Smile at a Crocodile: Betting on Electronic Gaming Machines is Intensified by Reptile-Imduced Arousal. New York: Springer Science+ Business Media Volberg, A. R., Nysse-Carris, L. K. & Gerstein, R. D (2006). 2006 California Problem Gambling Prevalence Survey. Chicago: NORC Read More