Enhanced Participation of NGO in the Operations of UN - Case Study Example

Enhanced participation of NGO in the operations of UN Student’s Name Instructor’s Name Class Name Date Assignment is due Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Task One 3 Resources 3 Literature involving role of UN and NGO 6 Task Two 9 Executive Summary 9 Introduction 10 Role of UN 11 Role of NGO in the operations of UN 12 Summary of Literature resources 13 Opportunities for ICEC 14 Recommendations on strategies that ICEC should adopt 16 Conclusion 17 Works Cited 18 Enhanced participation of NGO in the operations of UN Task One The study involves establishing the contribution of Non-Governmental Organizations within the United Nations. This is with an aim to determining how these organizations such as International Cost Engineering Council could involve themselves more in the operations of the UN. The UN has been involved in various activities since its establishment after the Second World War. These mostly involve interrelations between countries. Non-Governmental Organisations have come out to assist the UN through various means as identified. Conclusively, the role has been observed to be so significant that UN could do little without the help of NGO. Resources There are some resources that indicate the role of NGO in the Built Environment. The United Nations lists a number of NGO that coordinate with its Economic and Social Council in order to have specific purposes accomplished (Ciottone 23-32). The organizations have been categorized according to their functions. Some of the categories involve those with general consultative status, special consultative status and Roster. Some organizations are placed under those whose consultative status with ECOSOC has been suspended for some time (United Nations). Other resources include different websites for various NGO that define the roles and responsibilities that each has. Understanding the different activities assists in knowing how they would assist in developing ways in which they could be incorporated within the UN. ICEC is one of the websites that gives I details the organization’s objectives. Linking these with those of the UN helps in identifying roles in which they could perform collectively (International Cost Engineering Council). Research has provided several outlooks on the issue and has identified the most effective ways in identification of these roles. Empirical researches have been conducted, collecting information from these organizations, analysing the data and coming up with results that have led to recommendations. These studies could form some of the resources where information can be extracted. The resources could be in the internet, journals or books. They give a variety of information depending on the objectives of each study (Williams 31-33). The credibility of these resources is provided for by their approval from various institutional bodies. They have either used primary or secondary data in order to make conclusions and present ideas. Moreover, the studies and resources are gathered from different parts of the world. As a result, the information they give could be considered universal, and not just concentrating in a certain local area. The information could, therefore, be used in making other conclusions derived from them. Database of information, case studies and resources Author Type of resource Title Date of publication Relevance to the study Willetts journal From ‘Consultative Arrangements’ to ‘Partnership’: The Changing Status of NGOs in Diplomacy at the UN. 2000 It gives some various associations between Un and NGO, indicating some of the activities performed collaboratively. Alger journal The Emerging Roles of NGOs in the UN System: From Article 71 to a Peopleʼs Millennium Assembly 2002 Despite the former activities performed by the NGOs in assistance to UN, there are emerging roles identified that NGOs could take. Weiss and Leon journal NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance 1996 It shows various forms in which NGOs and UN work towards governance in several areas. Joachim Internet Agenda Setting, the Un, and Ngos: Gender Violence and Reproductive Rights. 2007 It specifies on the roles of the UN and NGOs in fighting gender violence and enhancing reproductive rights. Hanhimäki book The United Nations: A Very Short Introduction. 2008 It gives some history of the UN, highlighting its objectives Andersen and Sarma book Protecting the Ozone Layer: The United Nations History. 2002 It gives the UN’s role in environmental conservation as one of its functions. Literature involving role of UN and NGO Reference list of literature 1. Tang, S., and Xueyong Z. “Civic Environmental NGOs, Civil Society, and Democratisation in China.” Journal of Development Studies 44.3 (2008): 425-448. 2. Katayanagi, M. Human Rights Functions of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. The Hague: Nijhoff, 2002. Print. 3. Dixon, RK., and Abron, L. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Activities Implemented Jointly (aij) Pilot: Experiences and Lessons Learned. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1999. Print. 4. Weiss, T. G, and Sam D. The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. 5. Omofonmwan, S I, and L O O. “The role of non-governmental organisations in community development: Focus on Edo State-Nigeria.” Anthropologist 11.4 (2009) : 247-254. 6. Wadlow R. The growing role of NGOs at the United Nations: Fellowship of reconciliation. 26th January 2012. Retrieved 19th January 2013 from http://forusa.org/blogs/rene- wadlow/growing-role-ngos-united-nations/10148 7. Alger, C. “The Emerging Roles of NGOs in the UN System: From Article 71 to a Peopleʼs Millennium Assembly.” Global Governance 8.1 (2002) : 93-117. 8. Andersen, S. O., and Sarma. K. M. Protecting the Ozone Layer: The United Nations History. London: Earthscan, 2002. Print. 9. United Nations. List of non-governmental organizations in consultative status United Nations indicates that NGOs are actively engage in United Nations’ activities. The summary of the ways in which they participate is information dissemination and raising awareness of contentious issues. Moreover, the organizations assist in development education, and advocating for the policies they deem right. Additionally, they involve in joint operational projects as well as participating in intergovernmental processes. They offer contribution of some services and expertise. The article further gives details on the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), which is the only main UN body with a framework for participation of NGO. The organization is, therefore, concerned with coordinating economic and social work of the United Nations specialised agencies. It is the central forum through in which discussion of international and social issues are made (Tang and Xueyong 425-448). Katayanagi (57-89) emphasises that NGO help in exposing issues that other people, especially the victims could find hard to expose. As a result, the UN can know the actual status in the field. The NGO have the information they disseminate as reliable because of the thorough research that the organizations carry out. One of the issues that are pointed out is the exposure of denial of human rights. Moreover, the organizations follow up the activities that are established to counteract these inhuman activities. Therefore, they are considered extremely essential in pressurizing some actions (Dixon and Abron 133-134). Weiss and Sam (29-48) agree with the former studies and point out that there are several roles NGO plays in the UN. They suggest that UN additionally gains from these organizations by reducing some costs it could incur if it was to involve in all its activities. There is a further definition of the activities to include some of the activities performed by NGO. For instance, research is one of the activities in which UN could involve. The costs of all research done by the organizations that lead to effective recommendations could be high. However, the costs are incurred by these organizations, saving some money for other activities. Omofonmwan and Odia (247-254) identify one of the roles played by NGO as community development. They involve in some projects that lead to enhancing community growth. This could be in terms of reducing the effect of some negative impacts of anything that affects the community or incorporating productive projects. For instance, they involve in some disease prevention, hygiene provision and community income generating activities. This indirectly assists the UN in improving the economic situation of its member countries. Wadlow points out that there is a growing interest in the contribution of NGOs within the United Nations System. The NGOs are at a better position than other organizations in that it is not created or directed by any government. Moreover, NGOs are proliferating quantitatively in finding issue areas at the grassroots. The organizations are also observed to increase. As a result, they can explore a large area and a variety of issues. NGO also proliferate qualitatively by initiating new issues. The presence of the organizations has been observed to change the context for government policy. He further suggests NGO provide a network that could be considered as informal, non-binding and highly personalized. They are thought to influence the policy-making process. Alger identifies some roles that NGOs play in the UN. In addition to offering guidance in decision making processes, Alger identifies emerging roles that need to be exploited. For instance, research in various areas that have been neglected for long is one of the roles. Moreover, assisting in activities carried out in the implementation of some strategies is another way NGOs could be incorporated in the UN. Alger believes that there are several ways in which this could be done, depending on the activities of the particular NGO. Andersen and Sarma particularly focus on environmental conservation functions carried out by both the UN and NGOs. Ozone destruction is one of the problems that the entire world is focused on dealing with. This is especially because it is likely to lead to more harm on the environment and pose a challenge to human existence. As a result, he organizations collaborate in activities like tree planting and creating awareness in order to reduce pollution by proper disposal of waste. Task Two Executive Summary The report involves the summarizing the different responsibilities of the United Nations. The international body is seen to be relevant in maintaining global peace through the regulations it establishes between member countries. The report further identifies the roles that NGO play in the operation of UN. The contribution is evidently and outstandingly essential in facilitating the achievement of UN’s objectives. As a result, the organization has worked collaboratively with the NGO to have expected results in attainment of these goals. There are several studies that have been done in establishing the individual roles of these two bodies, as well as what they have collectively been able to achieve. The study looks at the opportunities available for ICEC to have an increased participation in UN’s operations. This encompasses identifying areas that UN has neglected that would be covered by ICEC. The objectives of identifying these roles include enhancing performance of the UN, facilitating appropriate use of funds, incorporating ICEC ideas into the UN’s decision making processes, and assisting in prioritising of needs in the organisation. The findings indicate several opportunities that ICEC could involve in. These are closely linked to the objectives. There are several recommendations that could be made to ICEC as to what it would do to increase its contribution to the UN. There is identified a conclusion that with appropriate spearheading of the recommendations as to the increased participation of ICEC, the UN will be able to achieve cost effective goals, benefiting all stakeholders in the concerned sectors (Howes 375-396). Introduction Former studies have not clearly focused on identifying ways in which various NGOs, and specifically ICEC, can involve more in the activities of the UN. The environment within which these organisations operate is examined by identifying the common areas of interest. The study incorporates all areas in which the UN operates. There is a prevalence of NGOs in all countries. As a result, the activities of both the UN and NGOs are analysed in order to identify the common activities as well as suggest ways in which those that are not done in common can be collectively done. However, the contribution of each organisation could vary depending on legislative and financial factors. The objectives of this study include ensuring there is appropriation in the use of UN funds, ICEC realises some growth in its operations, increasing job opportunities due to some extra employees requirement by ICEC, and assist the UN in developing ideas. The methodology includes studying former works to identify areas covered concerning the present study, as well as getting information concerning the two organisations: UN and ICEC. This will assist in precisely knowing the activities of the UN that ICEC can involve in. Therefore, the study mostly relies on former studies and data to draw recommendations and conclusion. Role of UN Since its establishment in 1945, UN has been in the forefront in several multinational responsibilities. It has been involved in several roles that could be analyzed as political, economic, human rights, administrative and financial. Political roles involve ensuring political stability in the member countries. The stability was established as a result of the political differences that had led to wars between various countries. It has been effective in achieving this in some countries. Moreover, it helps in assisting countries that have political problems in them. For instance, it helped in restoring peace in Central America, Cambodia and Namibia. This is by engaging political leaders into peaceful talks, or prosecuting some whose political deadlocks lead to massive loss of property and life (Derouen 251). Economic roles involve outsourcing money and assisting organizations and countries that are financially challenged. Member countries could experience some difficulties in their financial status due to various reasons. Catastrophic things could cause a country to lose property. The country could get loans or grants from the organization to reinstate. Moreover, it ensures trade interactions between countries are conducted fairly. Some countries could exploit others due to their added advantages of having some resources. Exploitation would lead to slavery, which would consequently lead to international political instability. Therefore, the roles are interrelated with a universal primary aim of having peaceful coexistence of different governments, and avoid occurrence of other subsequent world wars. It also finds programs aiming at various issues of world interest like diseases and family planning (Rivlin 102-110). UN has had a role in facilitating human rights activation. The rights attach value to value of mankind, forming the basis of global peace and stability. Similar to the other roles, these would involve activities that happen within a country and between different countries. One of the laws that have been suggested to be adopted during the existence of the organization includes abolition of death penalty. As a result of this role, people who are advantaged in any way like having military support or financial ability (Derouen 251). Administrative and financial reforms have been facilitated by the organization. The role has been established to temporarily involve in administrative duties in different countries that experience some crisis. The financial role could be closely linked with the economic responsibility in which UN involves itself. The administrative and financial functions additionally involve the organization itself in its operation. It needs a responsible structure to accomplish all the other roles (Weiss and Sam 253-257). Role of NGO in the operations of UN There are several roles played by NGOs in the operations of UN. NGOs identify issues and offer questions. The organizations are close to local people. As a result, they are aware of the issues that are most pressing. They could be more entrusted with this than governments, which could have political interests in some aspects. Moreover, questions shed light on issues, providing a deep understanding. This additionally exposes issues that some governments would have been quiet about (Oppenheimer 881-890). NGOs research on issues is relevant to the UN. Recommendations could be analyzed from the options given by these organizations. The best alternative is implemented for the benefit of the community and the globe at large. NGOs are recognized for their comprehensive coverage on issues. Their independence ensures they carry out independent unbiased research, facilitating credibility in their results. Therefore, the UN can rely on information given (Weiss and Sam 253-257). Lobbying on a variety of issues has been another role of the organizations in the UN. There are some issues that cannot just be recommended. The organization could require them to be done in a specific way. For instance, female genital mutilation is an issue that the organisations feel it should be eliminated. They would research on the issue to get enough information. They would then know how best the community would be sensitized about it, and the customized way per region in curbing the tradition. Lobbying could be formal or informal, sometimes involving a chain where weak NGOs could influence powerful NGOs into pressurizing powerful governments who later influence weak governments into doing something (Newman 253). Summary of Literature resources Studies have been conducted concerning the role of the UN, contributions of NGO to the UN and the various ways in which the interaction is made. Campbell et al. (210-273) has shown the contribution made by Economic and Social Council in establishing a cordial relationship between different NGO and UN. ECOSOC has been identified to be relevant in analysing the NGO that are qualified enough to involve in the activities of the UN. Moreover, ECOSOC delegates duties to various organizations in order to avoid conflicting duties. This is further enhanced by provision of relevant equipment and resources needed to accomplish a certain task. Chong et al. (26-29) defines the role of NGO in the community. Some organization could be specialised in some fields while others would be interested in other areas. As a result, the organization identifies what an organization is competent in, helping in appropriate allocation of duties. Dickson (324-329) gives health as one of the responsibilities that both the UN and NGO have been involved in. The organizations value human health and seek to improve it at all levels. NGO could lack financial ability to cater for some of erupting health issues, but they liaise with the UN to get resources or have the UN perform the recommended duties itself. Chesbrough et al. (48- 61) defines NGO’s role of business modeling for the developing world. There is also an agreement between several authors that NGO play a great roe in the activities of the UN (Auregan et al. 41-44). Opportunities for ICEC International Cost Engineering Council is a Non-Governmental Organization that was founded in 1976 with an aim of promoting cooperation between national and global cost engineering, project management and quantity surveying organizations for their common wellbeing and that of individual members. The organization’s member societies are located in over 40 countries. It accesses more than 120,000 project managers and cost engineers in over 120 nations. There are regular meetings attended by delegates where common interests are discussed. The organization has a policy of each member society having one vote. Some of the objectives of the organization involve encouraging, promoting and advancing sciences and arts of cost engineering, project management and quantity surveying. In addition, it targets to coordinate and sponsor quantity surveying, project management symposia and international cost engineering on a worldwide scale. It further wishes to study on the mentioned areas, as well as encouraging progress of professional certification programs in them. Moreover, it targets at participating in international events that relate to the field in which the organization specializes. Aditionally, it encourages quantity surveyors, cost engineers and project managers in nations where there are no formal organisations to form a group performing duties similar to those of ICEC. Therefore, several opportunities can be identified that could help the organization in maximizing its participation in the UN (International Cost Engineering Council). To start with, there are opportunities evident in the UN in which ICEC could involve. The UN has projects that it carries out in its operations. These projects use a lot of cash to implement and have them running. These are targeted towards the betterment of a community or nation (Annan 46-48). This amount needs to be used accountably and transparently. The project management in ICEC could ensure this is fully achieved. As a result, the projects could be considered as opportunities. There are transactions between UN and other organizations. The UN could sometimes deem it economical to have other organizations carry activities for them. Moreover, there are the International Monetary Fund and World Bank that offer loans to various organizations. ICEC could assist in ensuring the money is used as required. Moreover, it could be involved in assessing the actual amount of money required before recommending the UN to reimburse some money for a project. This reduces chances of misappropriation of funds (Rivlin 102-110). The UN could sometimes be in a fix as it allocates the little money it would have for several activities that are proposed for it to fund (Lipson 31). Some of the activities could have some varying or equal effects after full implementation. This provides an opportunity for ICEC since the organization could be involved in assessing the most viable activity or project. ICEC could use its expertise to know the most economical and beneficial one so that it could be prioritised. The guided allocation would lead to the organization having its goals better realised than when the allocation is not delegated by experts (Abiodun 12-19). Another opportunity is presented by the projects that ICEC could assist in management. The projects need to have competent managers, who might be difficult to get due to the experience needed for the post, time needed in recruitment, and development of a team to work together with the manager. ICEC already has trained personnel. These do not require training. The UN could find this as a cost effective move. Moreover, time in making decisions and implementing the projects is reduced. As a result, ICEC is better placed in managing these projects (Adams 69). Recommendations on strategies that ICEC should adopt Recommendations could be made on strategies that would lead to effective incorporation of ICEC into the UN. ICEC should ensure its members are professionally qualified. The UN deals in a lot of money. It would not entrust the amount on an organization that is not qualified to handle this (Momtaz 261-271). The qualification of employees could be linked with the credibility the organization should present. The organization should maintain a record of transparency and accountability in its operations in order to have win UN’s confidence (Coppola 76). Another strategy involves extensive research (Pietilä and Jeanne 115-116). A research oriented organization could have concrete basis as it makes decisions. It would be adequately informed as it evaluates alternatives presented to it. As a result, effective solutions could be arrived at. Research additionally leads to looking at an issue in different perspectives. It would, therefore, assist the UN in decision making. It would be a consultant since it would have options that the UN could not have identified in a situation. This could involve, for instance, alternative sources of funds. ICEC could have a strategy of having its representative in all the meetings that UN allows NGO to attend. This would ensure ICEC clearly understands all it needs to know about the operations of the UN. It would be aware of any imminent activities, and promptly give its perspective on the issue. Similar to other organizations, it could pressurise the UN into implementing some policies it feels are of relevance to the community. Lobbying with other organizations could help it in fulfilling its objectives (Martens 271-285). After identification of independent roles of both the UN and NGO, there has been identified the responsibilities they share in common. NGO have specialised objectives towards a certain field. The UN is comprehensive, having departments that deal in various activities. NGO have eventually been entrusted by the UN due to the credibility of the information they give. As a result, they have been given some responsibilities by the UN under the Economic and Social Council. NGO have to have been in operation for over two years in order to be accredited by ECOSOC (Sissoho 67-70). Conclusion The findings indicate that there are some opportunities presented by the various activities in which UN is involved. These require appropriate management of funds in order to have their purpose fulfilled. International Cost Engineering Council (ICEC) has among its objectives ensuring accountability and transparency in organizations’ funds. Therefore, ICEC could assist the UN in prioritising activities, allocation of funds and monitoring them in order to have cost effectiveness in the UN. Consequently, there would be savings achieved for other purposes. The report further identifies the strategies that ICEC could put in place in order to maximize its participation in the UN. Some of the strategies include ensuring competence in its work by having qualified personnel in order to gain UN’s trust. Having representatives in as many UN meetings as possible could assist in knowing all activities of UN. The cooperation between the two organizations could lead to improved service provision. As a result, maximum coordination could be highly recommended. Works Cited Abiodun, AA. “United Nations advances global environmental awareness.” Ieee Technology and Society Magazine 1992: 12-19 Adams, S. The Role of the United Nations. North Mankato, Minn: Sea-to-Sea Publications, 2005. Print. Alger, C. “The Emerging Roles of NGOs in the UN System: From Article 71 to a Peopleʼs Millennium Assembly.” Global Governance 8.1 (2002) : 93-117. Andersen, S. O., and Sarma. K. M. Protecting the Ozone Layer: The United Nations History. London: Earthscan, 2002. Print. Annan, K. We the Peoples. New York: United Nations, 2000. Print. Auregan, G. “Role of the Lutheran Non-Governmental Health Organization in tuberculosis control.” Archives de lInstitut Pasteur de Madagascar 62.1 (1995): 41-44. Campbell, P. J., Aran S. M., and Christy S. An Introduction to Global Studies. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Print. Chesbrough, Henry. “Business Models for Technology in the Developing World: The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations.” California Management Review 48.3 (2006): 48- 61. Chong JC. and Mitchell F. “Dual Responsibilities of NGOs.” Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 17 (2005): 26-29. Ciottone, GR. Disaster Medicine. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby, 2006. Print. Coppola, DP. Introduction to International Disaster Management. Amsterdam: Butterworth Heinemann, 2007. Print. Derouen, JK. “The Role of The Un In International Crisis Termination, 1945-1994.” Defence Dickson, K. “Collaboration between non-governmental organizations and governments for health sector reform.” Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica Pan American Journal of Public Health 1.4 (1997): 324-329. Dixon, RK., and Abron, L. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Activities Implemented Jointly (aij) Pilot: Experiences and Lessons Learned. Dordrecht [u.a.: Kluwer, 1999. Print. Hanhimäki, J. M. The United Nations: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print. Howes, M. “Linking paradigms and practice: Key issues in the appraisal, monitoring and evaluation of British NGO Projects.” Journal of International Development 4.4 (1992): 375-396. International Cost Engineering Council. What is the International Cost Engineering Council (ICEC)? Web. January 19, 2013 . Joachim, J. M. Agenda Setting, the Un, and Ngos: Gender Violence and Reproductive Rights. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press, 2007. Internet resource. Katayanagi, M. Human Rights Functions of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. The Hague: Nijhoff, 2002. Print. Lipson, M. “Clash of Delegations? Coordination in UN Integrated Missions.” Delegation to International Organizations Dilemmas and Resolutions (2008): 31. Martens, K. “Mission Impossible ? Defining Nongovernmental Organizations.” Voluntas International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 13.3 (2002): 271-285. Momtaz, D. “The United Nations and the Protection of the Environment: from Stockholm to Rio de Janeiro.” Political Geography, 15.3-4 (1996): 261-271. Newman, E. The UN Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality. Tokyo: United Nations Univ. Press, 2004. Print. Omofonmwan, S I, and L O O. “The role of non-governmental organisations in community development: Focus on Edo State-Nigeria.” Anthropologist 11.4 (2009) : 247-254. Oppenheimer, M. “Science and Environmental Policy: The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations.” Social Research 73.3 (2006): 881-890. Peace Economics, 14.4 (2003): 251. Pietilä, H and Jeanne V. Making Women Matter: The Role of the United Nations. London: Zed Books, 1996. Print. Rivlin, B. The Challenging Role of the Un Secretary General: Making "the Most Impossible Job in the World" Possible. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1993. Print. Sissoho, O. C. Analysis of the Role of the United Nations, International Organizations and Ngos in the Eradication of Female Genital Mutilation. Web. 2008. 2oth January. 2013. < http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=HvxJQqo3RSIC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&dq=Sissoho,+ O.+C.+Analysis+of+the+Role+of+the+United+Nations,&source=bl&ots=JVJuEA0n9R &sig=rCsOJJIiQL7Ad7eFyTb3skmkjd8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4Nz7UIX_C8O7hAfhooG4D A&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false> . Tang, S., and Xueyong Z. “Civic Environmental NGOs, Civil Society, and Democratisation in China.” Journal of Development Studies 44.3 (2008): 425-448. United Nations. List of non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council as of 1 September 2011*: Economic and Social Council.15th November 2011. 19th January 2013 . Wadlow R. The growing role of NGOs at the United Nations: Fellowship of reconciliation. 26th January 2012. Retrieved 19th January 2013 from http://forusa.org/blogs/rene- wadlow/growing-role-ngos-united-nations/10148 Weiss, T. G, and Sam D. The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. Weiss, T. G., and Leon G. NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance. Ed. Thomas G Weiss & Leon Gordenker. Lynne Rienner, 1996. Willetts, P. “From ‘Consultative Arrangements’ to ‘Partnership’: The Changing Status of NGOs in Diplomacy at the UN.” Global Governance 6.2 (2000) : 191-212. Williams, A. “A Growing Role for NGOs in Development.” Finance and Development 27.4 (1990): 31-33. Print. Read More

Database of information, case studies and resources Author Type of resource Title Date of publication Relevance to the study Willetts journal From ‘Consultative Arrangements’ to ‘Partnership’: The Changing Status of NGOs in Diplomacy at the UN. 2000 It gives some various associations between Un and NGO, indicating some of the activities performed collaboratively. Alger journal The Emerging Roles of NGOs in the UN System: From Article 71 to a Peopleʼs Millennium Assembly 2002 Despite the former activities performed by the NGOs in assistance to UN, there are emerging roles identified that NGOs could take.

Weiss and Leon journal NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance 1996 It shows various forms in which NGOs and UN work towards governance in several areas. Joachim Internet Agenda Setting, the Un, and Ngos: Gender Violence and Reproductive Rights. 2007 It specifies on the roles of the UN and NGOs in fighting gender violence and enhancing reproductive rights. Hanhimäki book The United Nations: A Very Short Introduction. 2008 It gives some history of the UN, highlighting its objectives Andersen and Sarma book Protecting the Ozone Layer: The United Nations History.

2002 It gives the UN’s role in environmental conservation as one of its functions. Literature involving role of UN and NGO Reference list of literature 1. Tang, S., and Xueyong Z. “Civic Environmental NGOs, Civil Society, and Democratisation in China.” Journal of Development Studies 44.3 (2008): 425-448. 2. Katayanagi, M. Human Rights Functions of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. The Hague: Nijhoff, 2002. Print. 3. Dixon, RK., and Abron, L. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Activities Implemented Jointly (aij) Pilot: Experiences and Lessons Learned.

Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1999. Print. 4. Weiss, T. G, and Sam D. The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. 5. Omofonmwan, S I, and L O O. “The role of non-governmental organisations in community development: Focus on Edo State-Nigeria.” Anthropologist 11.4 (2009) : 247-254. 6. Wadlow R. The growing role of NGOs at the United Nations: Fellowship of reconciliation. 26th January 2012. Retrieved 19th January 2013 from http://forusa.org/blogs/rene- wadlow/growing-role-ngos-united-nations/10148 7. Alger, C. “The Emerging Roles of NGOs in the UN System: From Article 71 to a Peopleʼs Millennium Assembly.

” Global Governance 8.1 (2002) : 93-117. 8. Andersen, S. O., and Sarma. K. M. Protecting the Ozone Layer: The United Nations History. London: Earthscan, 2002. Print. 9. United Nations. List of non-governmental organizations in consultative status United Nations indicates that NGOs are actively engage in United Nations’ activities. The summary of the ways in which they participate is information dissemination and raising awareness of contentious issues. Moreover, the organizations assist in development education, and advocating for the policies they deem right.

Additionally, they involve in joint operational projects as well as participating in intergovernmental processes. They offer contribution of some services and expertise. The article further gives details on the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), which is the only main UN body with a framework for participation of NGO. The organization is, therefore, concerned with coordinating economic and social work of the United Nations specialised agencies. It is the central forum through in which discussion of international and social issues are made (Tang and Xueyong 425-448).

Katayanagi (57-89) emphasises that NGO help in exposing issues that other people, especially the victims could find hard to expose. As a result, the UN can know the actual status in the field. The NGO have the information they disseminate as reliable because of the thorough research that the organizations carry out. One of the issues that are pointed out is the exposure of denial of human rights. Moreover, the organizations follow up the activities that are established to counteract these inhuman activities.

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