Human Pathophysiology - Essay Example

342150 - Essay-Human Pathosphysiology  Venous Nodulation :A New Mosquito Borne Virus: What might have happened? If…….. This can be taken as an analysis based on the assumption, with solo aim of the essay is to analyze the fact, what would happen if such a condition arouse. Dr. Klaus Weilebaum and Professor Werner Hortebort,in the World Conference on Emerging Infectious Diesease , described a new viral disease transmitted among human by the vectors, mosquitoes. This disease was reported to have appeared in 35 people from three various locations in South America. This disease has been provisionally called as Mosquito Borne Venous Nodulation (MBVN) infection was reported to have occurred through bites of mosquitoes that carries the virus. In the person’s blood stream the virus invades the cell of endothelium-the inner lining of veins, and is found to reproduce only in those cells. Infected cells ruptured after few hours , releasing millions of virus particles that initiate the cycle, by infecting further cells. The endothelium of veins inflame, and is found to undergo dysplastic cell division after 2 to 3 days. This results in forming large number of nodular masses which protrudes into the vein. The inside of the badly infected vein has been described by Prof. Hortebort as “looking like, growth of many cauliflowers heads growing out of endothelium and protruding into the vein”. He further comments that growth remains in place and do not detach. Now the discussion would be done, trying to answer the following questions: The likely consequence of being infected with MBVN General effect of the nodules on the normal function of the vein Likely effects of the nodulation on functioning of heart, lungs ,liver, kidney, brain etc. What if the nodulation occurs in artery, as in vein it is not fatal. Physiology of vein: As known, the cardio vascular system is made up of veins, arteries and capillaries. The work of arteries is to supply red oxygenated blood to all the parts of body from the heart, where as the venous system returns the dark blue de - oxygenated blood from all parts of the body and tissue back to the heart for purification. The blood to combat the force of gravity receives help from the veins that allows blood to flow one side only with the help of the muscular valves, like doors that allows passage of blood one side. The valve open only for the flow towards heart and then closes to prevent the backward flow. The veins are of two types as Pulmonary vein (pure blood from lungs to heart) and systemic vein (venous blood from body to lungs), portal vein (confined to the abdominal cavity). Veins are large and numerous in number when compared to arteries. The veins walls are thin constricted at place for valve. The veins functions as superficial, deep, and as venous sinuses. (1) &(4) The mosquito borne diseases an overview: Of all the arthopods capable of transmitting disease to mankind, mosquito is most prevalent and most important of all. This might be attributed to their high number, their close association to man, and the need of human blood for laying eggs by the female mosquitoes. Mosquito borne diseases when surveyed are diverse and global natured in distribution. When technically speaking, greater burden of the mosquito borne disease occurs in developing and under developed countries where health care and sanitation and cleanliness and hygiene is not given with its due importance. But the occurrence is observed also with the developed countries, mainly imported through the infected individual traveler from countries with endemic diseases. Some of the pathogens carried by the mosquitoes are specific to the species as Anopheles for Malaria whilst others as West Nyle virus can be distributed by different types of mosquitoes. Certain well known diseases caused by virus transmitted through mosquitoes are, Dengue fever also called as break bone fever is caused by Aeges agypti, widely seem to occur in tropics. It is usually an non fatal form in children may cause hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia resulting in a shock due to lesion inflicted by virus on blood vessel. Japanese encephalitis is caused by zoonotic arbovirus that is non fatal usually but in some cases causes permanent neuropsychiatric sequelae. Tick borne encephalitis is caused by flavi virus that is transmitted to human by tick and its infection in 35% results in nervous system infection and sequel formation. West nyle virus caused by flavi virus with culex mosquito being its host partner and vector .It doesn’t cause much complication with routine inflectional symptoms and in fewer cases cause neural lesions. (2) & (3) Discussion pertaining to answer the questions: After seeing in detail about the most common and widely prevalent viral diseases caused by mosquito, it can be candidly understood that the likely consequence of being infected with MBVN is high, owing to the wide spread occurrence of mosquitoes and to the relatively lower hygiene level that still exist in some part of globe. Though it is usually the Asian regions or African regions from which most of the viral diseases arises, documentation of occurrence and spread of virus in 21st century is less ion South America, it cannot be ignored as virus are known to spread across the globe within days count. As we have seen the physiology about the veins now it would be easy for us to understand the effect of nodules on function of vein. As the veins with its unidirectional valve runs through the entire body, taking care of circulation, any impairment in its function is sure to affect the system. The vein has a thin elastic wall with the inner layer being the endothelium. When nodules of that are dysplastic in nature occurs as small size, much impact would not be seen other than impediment, speed alteration in blood flow and mild balance lose. Same can be expected when the nodule occur in less important places. But if the nodules grew bigger in size it would definitely cause obstruction to blood flow resulting in the symptoms that arise due to any normal obstruction of blood flow. If the nodule occurs in the valves then obviously its function is lost, that would result in formation of a back flow and stagnation of blood that could result in varicose vein and spider leg like symptom. (4) Now the likely effects of nodulation occurring in the veins in heart , liver and lungs can be seen. Most of the veins in heart opens into the coronary sinus, with tributaries running through out the heart as great cardiac vein, small cardiac vein ,middle cardiac vein and posterior cardiac vein .so when the veins in the heart acquires nodulation, the proper blood flow from lung to heart may be affected, causing the cardiac cells to be deprived of or acquiring reduced oxygenated blood that may in turn lead to necrosis of cell. This may be followed by the immunological action in those cells being initiated and aggravated. The vein that ramifies the brain has very thin wall and no valves. So obviously nodulation can occur only on the wall that might cause reduced or decreased outflow of blood. in the liver it is the portal vein that ends in sinusoids. Here the obstruction due to nodule can result in symptoms like cirrhosis and hepatic malignancy the portal vein obstruction might not cause any severity unless the individual suffer from hepatic malignancy. This might be due the arterial, buffer response, with increased artery inflow resulting in hepatic blood flow regulation. This if further occurs may result in collateral circulation, that if further persist may cause variceal hemorrhage that may cause further complication. Rarely thrombosis and ischemia may follow that may cause further complication. (5) (6) (7) Though it can be taken that the occurrence of nodulation in venous does not cause much complication but the same when occurs in arteries cannot be ignored as the effect of obstruction and ensuing complications can pose us with high severity. Thus the imaginative what if essay helped us to unravel the possibilities of occurrence and what complication might occur, thus helping us to be prepared with background on formation if any such occurs in the future, with the ammunition ready and on; y the war has to ensue. Bibliography 1. Modesto vein centre (2001) http://www.azheart.com/brochure.asp?ID=31 2. http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/vector/en/index.htmlDengue 2005 3. http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/hd/westnile/wnvother.htm Other Mosquito-Borne Diseases of Importance 4. Henry Gray (1821–1865).  Anatomy of the Human Body.  1918 5. Lucké, B.: The pathology of fatal epidemic hepatitis. Amer. J. Path. 20, 471–593 (1944) 6. Smetana, H.F.: Pathology of hepatitis. In: Diseases of the liver (ed. Schiff, L.). 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott 1964 7. Portal Vein Obstruction Last Updated: April 5, 2006 http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1891.htm Read More