The Nature of Therapeutic Interventions in the Management of the Underlying Condition - Essay Example

Using A Case Study Approach, Critically Appraise and Evaluate the Nature of Therapeutic Interventions, in the Management of A Client’s Underlying Condition Or Presenting Symptom(S) In this particular study, focus would be on comprehending the medical positioning of the provided case study of Mark who is suffering from anxiety and depression. I will focus on making efficient use of pharmacological as well as psychological treatment together to deal with the health issues of the patient i.e. Mark. Secondary studies will be conducted in order to acquire the relevant data. Health and wellbeing has become one of the most vital aspects that are associated with perception of people. People in the society are quite concerned with regard to their health and wellbeing, which further influence them to take necessary measures towards meeting the same. It is evident that owing to the busy schedule of individuals, people become unable to take care of themselves that can influence their health in a negative manner altogether (Suthakaran & Adithan, n.d.). Notably, as per the provided case, Mark is a patient who has been admitted to acute ward owing to his sudden collapse. Upon analysis of his past medical analysis, he was seen to be suffering from depression and anxiety, for which he chose pharmacological intervention over psychological treatment. Contextually, extensive secondary research study has been conducted for the research in depth where information will be collected from journals, literatures and research articles. The primary aim of the intervention includes identifying the potential benefits of therapeutic interventions with the combination of pharmacological and psychological interventions. As per the provided case study, an individual male at the age of 28 was admitted to acute ward after a sudden collapse at home. He was believed to be under the influence of extreme work pressure owing to which he developed an extreme level of stress. Past medical reports of the patient suggested that he was suffering from anxiety disorder and depression but was reluctant towards visiting psychologist. During the treatment of Mark in Acute ward, he showed negligible signs of any depression and anxiety despite of the aspect that he did not get any help from psychologists or any other healthcare professional in the past. He was in constant intake of Citalopram 40 mg on a daily basis. Correspondingly, it is believed that the patient and his symptoms regarding anxiety can be managed with the help of therapeutic intervention. Various noteworthy developments have been observed in the domain of nursing over the years. The profession have become one of the most prominent parts within the healthcare domain since they are directly involved in ensuring proper treatment for the patients. It has been comprehended that there are various modes of interventions, which can be adopted by nurses with the intention to provide noteworthy healthcare services to the patients in a comprehensive manner (Yaffe & Aranda, 2010). Among the various process of intervention that is prevalent, pharmacological interventions and psychological intervention is deemed to be quite crucial in this context. In this particular research study, focus would be levied on comprehending the nature of therapeutic interventions that are being used with the purpose to enhance or control a particular disease or its symptoms in a systematic manner altogether. In this context, it can be depicted that therapeutic interventions primarily include treatment for patients with the help of cognitive theories (Lindsey, 2011). These sort of interventions are quite crucial since the prevalence of various large threatening diseases are increasing in number within the prevailing environment (Royal College of Physicians of London, 1999). Notably, for the provided case, the client has been treated with citalopram, which is a drug use to stabilize depression. This particular drug is deemed to be effective in dealing with depression and anxiety to an extent. The drug is deemed to be very effective in dealing with high level of depression with the intake of 20 mg on a daily basis. However, the same can be increased depending on the increase in panic behavior and impact of the mental disorder. Its effectiveness deemed to increase significantly in case of adult patients within the age of 35-40, which further made it appropriate to be used in case of dealing with the depression of Mark who is 28 years old (EMC, 2014). It has been comprehended that the drug belongs to the group of antidepressant, which has a combination of serotonin-reuptake inhibitors. It has a mixture of components such as “S-enantiomer, S-citalopram and S-demthylcitalopram”. It is deemed to have considerable effect on the nervous system of an individual, further enabling the human body to stabilise and deal with the depressive behaviour (Drug Bank, 2013). In order to get a better understanding of the drug, its pharmacokinetics can be studied. Notably, it primarily refers to the movement or the pathway of the drugs within the body. The drug mainly moves into the intestinal cells of the body, further influencing the liver cells resulting into stabilising the nerve cells. This further helps in dealing with the prevailing depression amid the human body, as in the case of Mark. The bioavailability of the drug is around 80% in general scenario. The half-life of the drug last for around 35 hours in general (PharmGKB, 2015). It is one of the most common forms of intervention prevalent. It has been noted that this form of intervention process within the healthcare domain helps not only in providing medication to the patients for a particular disease but much more beyond that. It has been comprehended that the process of pharmacological therapy helps in understanding the impact of a particular drug on the health and wellbeing of any particular individual in a significant manner. This involves analysis of medicines with regard to the best possible use of the same in a comprehensive manner altogether towards diseases and various health complications. Notably, within this particular theory, healthcare professionals use a particular medication or a combination of various medications together, so that the best possible results can be obtained to deal with the medical condition of patients. In order to ensure effective application of pharmacological therapy one needs to have proper knowledge regarding medicines and their use for specific treatment (Royal College of Physicians of London, 1999). There are certain specific principles and concepts of pharmacological interventions that are being used by nurses for the purpose of treating clients or patients. Some of the specific principles of pharmacology include analysis and formulation of drugs with the combination of two or more drugs, understanding the advantages of various drugs and likewise making effective use of the same by segregating drugs on the basis of health condition of patients. However, there are certain side effects of citalopram, including drowsiness, cold symptoms ad sneezing, which should be taken into consideration by nurses, while providing it to the patient (Yaffe & Aranda, 2010). Notably, pharmacological therapy has utmost prevalence in the domain of nursing practices. The role of medication is deemed to be quite prevalent within the nursing practices, since it is regarded as the fastest means through which rapid treatment for individuals can be designed. As per the empirical study of Cho (2013), pharmacological intervention can be used by nurses with the intent to control or minimise symptoms of disease, if not completely curing. It is often argued that pharmacological treatments are not always effective in completely curing behavioural symptoms but at the same time, their effectiveness in controlling such disease could not be ignored. However, the use of drugs by nurses in curing behavioural complications of older adults could not be supported since the drugs can cause negative affects for the later (Lindsey, 2009). In similar regard, the article of Magyar-Moe (2009) can also be taken into consideration. It has been noted that behaviroal and psychological interventions are most vital with regard to the operations of the nurses while executing their job role and responsibilities. Correspondingly, it can also be comprehended that understanding the behaviours of the patients are among the most important aspect of the intervention process from the end of the client. The study claimed that antipsychotic medications, which are an important part of pharmacological interventions, could be seen as quite effective in controlling the behaviroal implications of the clients. In this context, in order to ensure maximum effectiveness for the clients, clinical efficacy can be regarded as one of the important part. However, the nurses involved with intervention under this particular form, needs to understand the effectiveness of the medication provided to the patients which can further strengthen the chances of getting effective results (Emilien & et. al., 2012). These understandings can also be comprehended and applied within the provided case scenario. Notably, the patient i.e. Mark is a 28 year old individual who is dealing with symptoms of depression and anxiety, which can be depicted from his past medical history. The individual is noted to be showing utmost reluctance from getting help from psychologists, which further hindered providing proper behavioural care to the same. Correspondingly, the nurses involved with this particular case needs to take other approach apart from behavioural treatments. The nurses involved with this particular case needs to take into consideration, the medical condition of the patient with regard to anxiety and depression. Understanding the right kind of medication to be provided to the client is also quite crucial, as the effectiveness of the drugs used might differ on the basis of the severity of the medical condition of the patient. It is notable from the case that the patient has a considerably long medical background with regard to depression and anxiety disorder (Webmd, 2015). The patient here is an adult who is quite reluctant towards psychological intervention owing to some of his beliefs that it might cause negative impact to his behaviroal approach. However, proper deliverance of medication to the patient as per his/her medical problems for depression and anxiety is quite crucial. There are various options that prevail for nurses to use medication in this context. Some of these medicines include composition of Tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin, which are deemed to be effective in case of dealing with depression. However, it is believed that excessive intake of these compositions would certainly ensure negative results for the clients. Correspondingly, nurses should intervene efficiently in this context to assure efficient result (Webmd, 2015). For this particular case, a pharmacological treatment was selected in the process of controlling the medical issues of Mark. In this context, Citalopram has been considered for dealing with the mental or psychological issues of Mark, owing to the fact that he was quite reluctant with regard to psychological interventions. Notably, the drug is effective in dealing with severe depression, which is quite prevalent in the case of Mark. The drug is deemed to be effective in controlling the issues of depression and hence improve the condition of the same significantly. It is also deemed to be marginally beneficial in dealing with anxiety and panic attack to a considerable extent altogether. Hence, it is evident that Citalopram, which is one of pharmacological form of intervention, is indeed quite useful in dealing with stress and anxiety disorder along with depression that is presently being faced by the patient (MedicineNet, 2015). In the domain of healthcare, the role of working as a team to get beneficial result is deemed to be quite a prominent aspect. Partnership in this regard would mean a relation among people including patient, healthcare professionals, family members and the nurses among others. Correspondingly, this approach is deemed to ensure better results when compared to other scenarios. In this particular sector, every individual has an important role in depicting a proper method of obtaining desired results from a particular approach of intervention. The role of partnership enhance significantly especially at times of dealing with psychological medical conditions, where the patients can only be treated with behavioural or psychological treatments. In this context, the provided case study can be taken into consideration. It is quite evident in the case that the patient show utmost reluctance towards psychological interventions, which can also be depicted from his past medical condition. In this context, partnership in healthcare treatment can be regarded as potential options. This can be justified from the fact that the family members and health care professionals associated with the case of Mark has to persuade him to take necessary treatments and be cured as early as possible. In this regard, mark should also be convinced with the belief and competencies of the professionals so that he could even participate in the different programs in a positive manner. This will certainly ensure better results for Mark with regards to his health conditions in the longer run. Correspondingly, the role of proper partnership is deemed to be quite prevalent in this context. Similar to that of pharmacological intervention, the role of psychological intervention is also deemed to be quite essential and effective especially for certain specified diseases, which relates with behavioural implications of the individuals. It is noteworthy that there is prevalence of large number of mental disorders, for which the role of psychological intervention is deemed to be quite crucial. In this context, it can be depicted that psychological interventions often include analysis of behavioural approaches of any particular individual with regard to comprehending their mental issues and likewise designing appropriate intervention for the same. These sorts of interventions are primarily used with the intention to analyse behavioural changes amid individuals that can work towards the betterment of the patients. It will be crucial to mention that in this sort of treatment offered by healthcare professionals to the patients, there is negligible involvement of medication that is being provided to the patients. Rather most of the approaches amid the intervention process work towards getting noteworthy results within the approach of changing the behavioural attitude amid a particular individual. It would be crucial to depict that in this sort of intervention process the role of proper involvement of the healthcare professional or psychiatrist with the patients is deemed to be one of the major factors for success. Some of the major attributes that are related with the use of psychological intervention include management of behaviour of individual and stabilise the same, dealing with stress and other behavioural issues along with dealing with other mental issues among others (NICE, 2014). People often have the perception that the role of such intervention i.e. psychological treatment mainly aligns with how its use is limited only towards being effective only with dealing in psychological diseases or mental illness. As per a particular report of The Australian Psychological Society (2010), evidence based approaches helps in dealing with mental illness that is prevailing amid the individuals. The article claimed that with the wide prevalence of mental disorders, the role of psychological intervention such as cognitive therapy is deemed to be quite prominent indeed. It is often regarded as the best practices that can be used towards dealing with people who are suffering from extreme level of mental disorder. There is a wide range of psychological treatments that is prevalent in the present day healthcare domain. Some of the most vital psychological intervention used by healthcare professionals includes Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), Narrative therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Emotion-focused therapy along with Schema-focused therapy among others. It will be worth mentioning that each of the theory is being applied depending on the change in the medical conditions of the patients in a significant manner. This aspect also determines the success of such intervention process in a considerable manner altogether (The Australian Psychological Society, 2010). The above theories and approaches of psychological form of intervention can further be applied with regard to the process of intervention followed by the healthcare professionals. Notably, the client for this particular research study include a 28 year adult who is suffering from certain behavioural issues that are one way or the other having a significant impact on his health and wellbeing. Some of the psychological intervention in this context includes Cognitive Behavioural Theory (CBT), Motivational Interviewing as well as Solution Focused Therapy among others with each of the theory having its own significance. Notably, CBT is one of the most vital theories of intervention with regard to psychological intervention in the present day healthcare sector. It is one of the theories that are used by healthcare professionals with the intention to deal with various mental illnesses related with depression being one of the prime reasons among them (González-Prendes & Resko, n.d.). This sort of intervention is also deemed to be quite apparent with regard to various other mental disorder including anxiety and stress as well. This sort of intervention is also termed as behavioural as well as cognitive intervention where patients are being analysed in context to their behaviroal interventions. It would be noteworthy to mention that the concept of cognitive theory is seen as an alignment of behavioural as well as cognitive elements and principles, which are further aligned with the intention to provide effective healthcare services to the patients on a psychological basis. Anxiety as well as depression is among the most vital mental disorder where this particular psychological intervention is widely applicable (Explorable, 2015). In this particular concept of psychological intervention, behavioural changes amid the individuals are being analysed in order to get a better understanding of their thinking and mannerism so that better approach of intervention can be designed in a significant manner. It has also been learnt that CBT is quite efficient in dealing with the specific psychological problems of individuals that impact their overall health. The concept of evidence-based treatment is quite popular with regard to concept of intervention of CBT amid the patients (Taylor & Asmundson, 2004). The understanding gained from this particular study can further be applied with the case study of Mark, a patient who is dealing with extreme level of psychological issues comprising anxiety and depression among others. However, at the same time, it can also be comprehended that the client within the case study intends to avoid taking the help of any psychologist, since he has his own beliefs and perceptions regarding the same. As per the understanding gained from the provided case study, the patient who is of quite a young age, is a university student who has dealt with sudden breakdown, which further lead to his admission in the acute ward of a nearby healthcare unit. Upon analysis of the past medical records of the patient, it has been learnt that he was dealing with severe issues of depression and anxiety, which largely remained untreated. It is also believed that this particular individual has been suffering from the mental issues owing to extreme pressure from work and personal life, which further worked towards the overall stress on his body. The extent of the severity of his medical condition can further be comprehended from the fact that his health was deteriorated in such an extent where he was unable to ensure proper intake of diet and food, further leading to his weak health (Sapp, 2004). He was also dealing with low pressure, which substantially relates with his work pressure and corresponding stress. For this particular scenario, the role of proper psychological intervention is deemed to be crucial, irrespective of the fact that Mark was quite reluctant towards this form of intervention. With the help of the cognitive understanding of the behaviour of the individual, the patient in this case would be able to get positive results with regard to his behavioural transformation, which has one way or the other contributed towards his increase in the work pressure along with the subsequent work stress. CBT will enable healthcare professionals or psychologists to get proper understanding of the thought process and behaviour of individuals, further enabling a better treatment for the patients (Sapp, 2004). This aspect can also be seen as applicable in this particular case where proper psychological treatment is highly desired for the patient i.e. Mark with regard to dealing with his mental illness (Macdonald, 2011). Motivational interviewing can also be an important part of the intervention process to be executed for mark. It is a process of counselling that is being used with the purpose to motivate individuals psychologically to do away with a particular habit or behavioural implications that one way or the other impacts the health and wellbeing of individuals in a positive manner (Rollnick & Miller, 2014; Nova, n.d.). Notably, for the provided case regarding Mark, it was quite clear that he was quite reluctant towards adopting any psychological intervention process owing to some of his beliefs. However, with the help of effective motivational counselling, Mark needs to be convinced with regard to the effectiveness of the psychological interventions with regard to mitigate his mental issues in the most efficient manner altogether (Palmer, 2003). There are various aspects associated with the concept of psychological interventions in the present day. It is important to mention that psychological illness is widely prevalent among individuals in the society. In this regard, the concept of physiological homeostasis would be important to take into consideration. It has been ascertained that this concept relates with the approach of the human body to reach a balanced equilibrium where the same can remain healthy and sustainable result. It is one of the prominent aspects of the concept of physiological interventions and characterises for any particular individual (Schulkin, 2004). There are certain vital elements of physiological homeostasis include receptor, effector as well as control centre among others. All these factors are directly associated with human psychological stimuli, which one way or the other control the human brain comprehensively (Villegas, n.d.). Hence, for the provided case of Mark, ensuring proper physiological homeostasis will be one of the most vital parts of the intervention process significantly. Mark will need to understand his current positioning as a patient of psychological issues and hence try to attain a balanced mental position. From the overall analysis of the paper, certain key aspects relevant to the research study can be taken into consideration, which can further provide a better comprehension for the research issues. Notably, the aspect of health and wellbeing are among the most vital aspect that is associated with the day-to-day life of any particular individual within the society. In this regard, it has been noted that people hardly get time to take care of themselves, which further affects their health in a negative manner. Again, the prevalence of various sorts of mental and physical disease also threatens the health and wellbeing of the individuals in a significant manner. In this regard, the role of healthcare domain is deemed to be quite crucial in a significant manner, since it assist people to get a proper health and wellbeing in their day to day living. One of the most vital issues of health that prevails in the current environment includes the widespread presence of mental illness amid people. There prevail a considerable number of medical issues relevant to mental health, which one way or the other, impacts the society in a noteworthy manner. Correspondingly, for this particular research study a case has been considered where a particular individual was under the influence of certain mental illness that was further affecting his day to day living. The patients that was studied within the case is a 28 year old male adult who was dealing with anxiety and depression, which is believed to have been caused owing to work pressure and stress gained from day-to-day activities. In this context, this particular research study has focused on comprehending the potential interventions that can be used while dealing with the medical issues faced by the patient within the provided case scenario. In this regard, psychological and pharmacological intervention has been taken into consideration. Both these form of intervention has been widely used amid the healthcare professionals operating within the domain towards efficient treatment for the patients. Pharmacological treatment includes the process of intervention where the role and the use of drugs is quite extensive in nature towards mitigating or controlling the medical issue faced by the patient. In similar regard, it has also been noted that psychological interventions mainly includes dealing with the behavioural complications of clients that relates with mental illness. This sort of intervention process requires less medication rather behavioural observation is the prime approach that is included in this particular format. With regard to the case study, it has been learnt that the patient i.e. Mark was dealing with anxiety and depression which primarily relates with behavioural or mental issues. Correspondingly, psychological intervention approach, which includes CBT, solutions based therapy and motivational interviewing has been taken into consideration to deal with the mental issues of the client. Hence, it can be concluded that these psychological treatment would certainly be helpful for the patient in the provided case, since he was primarily dealing with psychological issues. References Cho, W., 2013. Evidence-based Non-pharmacological Therapies for Palliative Cancer Care (Google eBook). Springer Science & Business Media. Drug Bank, 2013. Citalopram. Small Molecule. [Online] Available at: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00215 [Accessed March 26, 2015]. EMC, 2014. Citalopram 20 mg Tablets. Home. [Online] Available at: http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/25940 [Accessed March 26, 2015]. Explorable, 2015. Cognitive Learning Theory. Home. [Online] Available at: https://explorable.com/cognitive-learning-theory [Accessed March 26, 2015]. Emilien, G. & et. al., 2012. Anxiety Disorders: Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Treatment (Google eBook). Birkhäuser. González-Prendes, A. & Resko, S. M., No Date. Cognitive Behaviroal Theory. Sage. 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