Biology Aspects of Health and Diseases - Essay Example

? Biology aspects of health and diseases By Aspects of health and diseases A table of different nervous systems in the body Functions of the system Importance of the system Interaction of the systems Central nervous system This system consists of the spinal cord and the brain. These are the very important parts of the human body. This system is responsible for responding and controlling the functions of the body as well as the behavior. That is, the system has the ability to receive, organize and analyze any information from the parts of the body and give out the best action to be done. Some of the information requires to be translated into taste, sound, touch and smell. This is why this system is important since it performs these actions. The system also controls body nerves The three systems are responsible in the communication of the body parts. Without one part, one path of relaying body signals will be incomplete. That is, failure of one system will lead automatically to bodily disorders. Every organ being vital assists the other systems in ensuring that the body parts functions well. Autonomic nervous system The function of this system is to control the functioning of the internal organs like intestines, heart and stomach. Additionally, this system is responsible in controlling some of the body muscles. For example, most of the time we do not recognize when the heart beats increase or when the blood vessels contract and expand, this one is responsible for the autonomic nervous system to take care of. Therefore the system conveys information from all parts of the body. This system is normally Co ordinated by the hypothalamus and the system is a significant homeostasis process. Endocrine system This system consists of glands which produce hormones to the blood streams. It produces chemicals which assist in controlling the body’s metabolic activities. Normally maintains body setting to be steady. This system is responsible for the regulation of body growth, sexual development, mood and metabolism in our bodies. Role of hypothalamus in motivation and behavior The brain is a very important that is responsible for different behavior patterns found in human beings. The hypothalamus is an area between the brain stem and cerebrum that is responsible for controlling sleep patterns, body temperature, thirst, hunger, visual and auditory reflexes. Andersen and J. M. (2002, p.10-15) It is also responsible for communication between the cerebellum and other vital parts of the brain and also the selection of stimuli which are sent to the brain. The hypothalamus serves as a link between the endocrine system, autonomic and central nervous system. The role of the hypothalamus in controlling feeding behavior while linking all the three systems The hypothalamus plays a key role in the homeostasis of energy in triggering feeding behaviors. This is because the control of energy is important which makes eating the most fundamental aspect in maintaining body fats. The feeding behavior is a good example of how the hypothalamus links the endocrine system, central and autonomic nervous system. In the event when there is a deficiency in body fats, the endocrine system through a hormone called leptin comes in place sends stimuli to the hypothalamus. Charmandari, Tsigos, Chrousos (2005, p.265-270) In return the hypothalamus sends impulses to the autonomic nervous system and which are further relayed to the central nervous system and the final aspect is the feeling of hunger which motivates us to eat. Therefore the hypothalamus serves many purposes and is crucial in linking all the three systems. This interaction in return helps to control the mode of behavior in humans The functions and diseases of the brain Areas of function of the brain The brain is said to be the center of every signal sent by the body parts. Once a signal is sent to the brain, it acts by interpreting the signal and produces the action for the signal. The following are the parts of the brain and the function they perform; Jimmy, J.F, John and H.P. (2013, p.951-952) The frontal lobe- this part used not to be there in the past. It’s located in the top of the brain. It’s dorso-lateral circuited and it’s responsible for responding to some problems which are complex. In addition to this, the part do plan and locate the necessary location of certain information. The part also manages emotional reactions which are associated with some behaviors. The part is highly affected by stroke. Sapolsky, Romero, Munck and A.U., (2000, p.60-63) Brain system- the spinal cord is connected to this part and it’s responsible in controlling the heart rate, sleeping, breathing and digestive foods which are said to be the basic functional parts of all animals. The temporal and parietal lobes- parietal lobe is a part which normally processes and receives sensory information while the storage location, hearing and emotions are controlled by temporal lobe. Amygdala- creates an alert to emotional reactions, sex need inspiring some sweaty palms. The port is located at the center of limbic emotional brain and is associated with some diseases like depression. Jimmy, J.F, John and H.P. (2013, p.951-952) Hypothalamus- this is a very important part in that it allows interaction location for the hormonal system of the body and the signals send from the brain. The body’s quo is normally kept constant by this part. The weight, body temperature, appetite and blood pressure are controlled by this part. This part is highly significant for normal body functioning. Cerebrum- this is the largest part in the brain of a human being and it has two parts. That is the right and left parts which are separated by a deep groove which runs from the back to the forehead. Corpus callosum connects the two halves and scientists have proven that it is larger in woman's brain than in men. The cerebrum is the core part of reasoning and other body functions like in the cases of consciousness. Thalamus- this part is responsible for directing signals to the cerebrum from the spinal cord and from the brain. Also the information send from the cerebrum will also pass here on its way to the spinal cord and brain. That’s why it's called a two way station. At the top of the brain it’s where you find thalamus. Abnormality arising from brain damage/injury Research has shown that different parts of the brain have unique functions. In case of an injury in the brain not all parts can be affected. Research has also proved that some forms of abnormality arise as a result of an injury in a specific area of the brain. Jimmy, J.F, John and H.P. (2013, p.952-953) Below is a critical analysis of forms of abnormality when different sections of the brain are affected. When the cerebral cortex suffers from an injury, it results to abnormal functions. The major abnormalities are paralysis whereby there is loss of various body movements, loss of attention while performing designated tasks, emotional distress through various mood swings and inability in language expression. Furthermore, an injury in the brain stem area leads to loss in body balance during movements. Medical studies have also proved that a person suffers from nausea and dizziness, lack of sleep and loss of enough breathing energy necessary for speech. In conclusion, these damages affect a person’s life. Another cause of abnormality arises when the occipital part of the brain necessary for vision is damaged. It results to visual defects, hallucinations and overall activity that take place through the use of sight such as reading, identifying colors and objects. Therefore it is of importance for individuals to take care of themselves and avoid head injuries though some are inevitable like in cases of an accident. Drawing a flow diagram and a summary of hormone secretion The fight or flight response The below steps show the steps of how a signal is responded; Andersen and J. M. (2002, p.6-10) The fight or flight response is a reaction which occurs when someone is threatened, attacked or faces an event which may be harmful. It’s normally a response to stress which happens rapidly in a short period of time and adrenal medulla is responsible for control of this action. Norepinephrine and epinephrine hormones join themselves to adrenergic receptors. This triggers nerve impulses to travel faster from the brain to adrenal medulla stimulating neurons hence increasing body cell energy. This enables the body to carry out response to short term emergencies. Process of hormone secretion during stress response Signals are sent to the brain and then the hypothalamus receives nerve impulses which are sent by Amygdala. They receive signals sent to the pituitary gland. In this gland, hormones are released by the corticotrope into the bloodstreams. This goes simultaneously with nerve impulse send to the adrenal gland by hypothalamus. Adrenaline which is produced by the adrenal glands is released into blood streams which travel to all parts of the body. Charmandari, Tsigos, Chrousos (2005, p.260-264) In the medulla, norepinephrine and neurohormones epinephrine are produced and leads to increased breakdown of glycogen leading to increased sugar levels in the blood. In the adrenal cortex, the stress response is mediated here. Epinephrine changes to shape in the liver and the reaction of receptors and protein produces signaling molecule IP3 which react to form glucose responsible for body energy. On the surface of the skin, the hair will raise when a receptor reacts with epinephrine on a muscle cell. The same reaction of epinephrine happens in the sweat gland but it reacts with alpha-1 adrenergic receptor causing secretion of sweat on the surface of the skin. Increase in respiration is caused by epinephrine which causes relaxation of the muscle around the bronchioles. This depends on signal type which is in the cell. Epinephrine influences cells in the heart which leads to increased heart beats making the messenger and the energy molecules move at a faster rate across the body. Presentation- designing and writing a leaflet effects of drugs on behavior Leaflet presentation A drug is any substance which affects the way our body functions. Stimulants and depressants are the most abused drugs in the society. Anyone can free from drugs A leaflet to educate the peers on abuse of stimulants and depressants Are you a victim? “its real, they affect” Be warned! Drugs! Drugs! Drugs! Do you know the brain requires 20% of oxygen Stimulants do affect the mind and the body while depressants slow down the breathing and reduce heart rate. Also the drug will tend to make the mind become relaxed. Once the two drugs are abused they tend to sedate the body as well as make the body aroused and excited. The two drugs have a great effect on the brain of an individual as the capacity of reasoning slows down. Examples of these drugs are tranquilizers, barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Though they can be administered for medical purposes, they still remain to be stimulants and depressants. They may make a person get a sleep or reduce anxiety. Be aware! Many of the drugs have repercussions which are severe negative effects to the health of the individual. Effects Behaviors which are violent Paranoia Loss of consciousness and confusion Confusion and poor impulse control YOU CAN ESCAPE THIS TRAGEDY! FREE! FREE! FREE! FREE! Free away from drugs and live longer. Be helped; +884-5677383-767 Email; gethelpdirect@yahoo.com Essay “In western societies if you have a professional job, then you expect to be under an abnormal amount of stress and there is nothing that can be done about it. That is just the way it is.” Stress and job are said to be two things which go together. Unless one knows how to handle this menace, one can end up quitting a job. That is, stress can negatively affect your personal life as well as your profession. As it has been depicted in the title, most of the people who do secure jobs in the higher ranks are said to be under stress. They are the most people who get affected by stress either by daily duty work or from the family side. Walter (1929, p.282) said that stress can sometimes come from work conflicts where misunderstanding occurs among the employer and employee. This cause tension and the productivity will obviously reduce as well as the competence levels. Stress affects the performance and reduces the best a person can offer. Normally affects the psychological and physical life. The reason behind stress for those in top professions is that they hold the responsibility of managing the functioning of the organization and are entitled to perform tasks simultaneously. Carthy (2010, p.384) showed that those who end up falling in these positions, they are said to under somehow the worst life experience because each day they have to face a different issue to solve. The nature of the profession as well as the working culture around will define the effectiveness of the life of those in the top ranks. Women are the people who are said to be more affected by stress. According to some research which was carried out, it was found that the number of women was 10 percent more compared to the number of men. Bengtsson (2009, p.193) insisted that family conflicts and pressure in performing job were the key drivers of stress on the job. In the western countries, this is more evident for those at the top most rank have some responsibilities which cannot be carried out or assigned to any other individual. Therefore they have a duty of committing themselves to the job as well as accomplishing the family requirements. This is the point where stress begins since one gets into a dilemma of what to be given the first priority. Sapolsky, Romero, Munck and A.U., (2000, p.55-60) In the western societies, once one gets involved in jobs of high rank, there is a lot of work load associated with the job. Since most countries are developed countries, you find that most jobs are done using machines. Those who get employed have to operate the machines and they are responsible for any task around them. A lot of work load is around. The ranks are also associated with making some informed decisions which consume a lot of time. List of References Andersen, J. M. 2002. Traumatic brain injury: complex condition with lasting effects. Journal of Controversial Medical Claims, 16, 5-15. Jimmy, J.F., John, H.P., 2013. Brain Biology: Jerked Around by Sleep Current Biology, 21(23), Pp.954-956 Bengtsson, C., 2009, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics: psychosocial stress at work and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis, EIRA study, Sweden. Walter, BC 1929, Behavior change: bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage, Appleton century crofts, new York. Carthy, T.H., 2010, Behavioral research and therapy: emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in anxious children, Routledge, London Chrousos, G.P., Gold, P.W., 1992. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis: The concepts of stress and stress system disorders, JAMA. Pp.244–1252. Carrasco G.A., Van de Kar L.D., 2003. Neuroendocrine pharmacology of stress. Eur J Pharmacol, Pp.235–272. Charmandari E., Tsigos C., Chrousos G., 2005. Endocrinology of the stress response. Annu Rev Physiol. Pp.259–284. Sapolsky R.M., Romero L.M., Munck A.U., 2000. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocr Rev. Pp.55–89. . Read More