Azithromycin-Loaded Polyethylene Sebacate Nanoparticles Preparation - Essay Example

Literature Review While most people think that na chnologies are a new branch of science that emerged alongside the supercomputers and almost insane speed of advances in medical science, the truth is that the study of nanotechnology is not at all a new scientific field. It was actually in 1959 when physicist Richard Feynnman gave a lecture first mentioning this conceptual foundation for the science. (Sahoo et al,, 2007) As our medical community continues to develop ways and means to administer drugs in as pain and hassle free ways as possible, an interest in the methods by which nanoparticle technology can help ease the problems in those situations has become of great interest to those concerned. The reason for the interest is that the scientific community believes that there are 2 ways of using nanoparticles for drug delivery. The first reason is that due to the minute size of the particle, nanoparticles have the uncanny ability to penetrate even the smallest human capillary. The nanoparticles spread through the human system, thus allowing for efficient drug accumulation in target specific areas of the body. Second, the biodegradable materials used in the creation of nanoparticles has allowed pharmaceutical companies to develop long term release drug preparations within target sites covering a span of a few days to a few weeks. (Sahoo et al., 2003) The reason for this superior method of chemical delivery within the human system stems from the nanomedicines measuring only between 10 and 100 nanometers (nm). This makes the chemicals much easier to absorb than its larger sized counterparts when administered in passive mode for tissue penetration. Currently, nanomedicine drug formulations are designed to work with existing generic drugs, which reduces the cost of drug formulation for the pharmaceutical company. While most drugs in its current form are already effective in treating various illnesses, nano formulation of the same drugs allow the manufacturers to fine tune the drug molecules, this providing a significant increase in the effectiveness of the drug. This is done through the development of sustained release drugs that offer minimal side effects in the process. Known as nanoparticular drug delivery, the system allows a normal pharmacokinetic profile to deliver the correct amount of drugs in a targeted method that will affect only the required area over an extended period. This is a method that is not totally possible with encapsulated drugs. The nanoparticular drug delivery has allowed pharmaceutical science to overcome the barriers to systemic delivery of drugs, thus allowing a wider range of active pharmaceutical drug ingredient combination to be effectively assimilated into the affected system. This is done through the use of nanoemulsions, lipid or polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and nanofibers. The most advantageous method of drug delivery is the Olymeric nanoparticular drug delivery system due to its cheaper cost, scalability, targeted delivery, biodegradability, biocompatibility, scalability,sustainability in release of encapsulated drugs, and finally, improved efficacy. (Sridhar et al., 2003) The reason behind the effective nano particular drug delivery lies in its size reduction. This procedure allows the pharmaceutical industry to use active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) which in turns allows the drug to be spread across a larger area. Consequently, the API particles dissolve faster and is no longer limited by bioavailability. (Park, et al., 2010) In an oral toxicity study, Polyethylene sebacate (PES) was evaluated for oral toxicity, genotoxity, and mutagenecity. The procedure included synthesizing the PES, characterized by gel permeation chromatography, FTIR, 1H-NMR,differential scanning calorimetery, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that PES was nontoxic up to 3000 mg/kg body weight. The serum biochemistry also revealed no significant changes. PES also proved to be nongenotoxic with the mutageneicity evaluated sing the Ames microplate format sample kit using TA 98 and TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium. The results were the same regardless of whether there was a presence of Aroclor 1254 induced in the rat liver S9. Nonmutagenic results were confirmed by the Ames assay. With regards to dental implant tests, periodontal implants of PES with varying roxithromycin/PES ratios using different diameters were the basis of the tests. The results indicated that there was an increase in the diameter of the implants with a decrease in the in-vitro drug release. However, increases in PES concentration release rates accompanied the decreased crystallinity of Roxithromycin as confirned by the DSC thermographs and XRD Spectra. Now, following the Higuchi kinetics, it was noted that the Roxithromycin releaseof the implants exhibited a controlled release. Therefore, PES was decided to be a safe polymer for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. (Moore, et al., 2009) Guhagarkar and company (2009) prepared a silymarin (hydrophobic drug) loaded polyethlene sebacate using naniprecipitation and emulsion solvent diffusion methods when noting that there was an effect on surfactants polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), lutrol F 68, and Tween 80 when applied to blank and silymarin loaded PES nanoparticle evaluations. By reducing the surface tension on surfactants, smaller droplet particles formed creating a small mean sized nanoparticle. Increased viscosity of the aqueous phase that resulted in hydrodynamic stabilization which prevented the coalescence and aggregation of formed droplets was noted with the addition of surfactants. Particle sizes also decreased more than 1000 nm to around 300 nm with an observed increase of PVA concentration from 0.1% to 0.5%. Reducing surface tension and the promotion of mechanical and steric stabilization by using PVA exerts was achieved by adsorbing at the droplet interface. Viscosity increase occurred when PVA concentration reached4%, leading to an increase in particle size (p Read More