Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine - Essay Example

Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine Abstract This paper involves analysis of how magnetic nanoparticles are applied in biomedicine. The substantial principles underlying some existing biomedical usages of magnetic nanoparticles are examined (Pankhurst et al. 2003). The background section entails understanding effects of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine. After introducing the subject, empirical findings relating to the subject is adequately discussed in the results and discussion section that entails relating of magnetic properties that fit biomedicine aplication (Sun et al.2000). It is essential to start from well-known essential concepts, and drawing on instances from biomedicine and biology, the pertinent physics of magnetic objects and their reactions to applied magnetic particles are reviewed (Pankhurst et al. 2003). This is a science oriented paper and there must be a scientific proof of results and discussions. This lead to subsequent section, scientific significance and relevance, that provides the proof of magnetic nanoparticles usability in biomedicine. This is a research paper that involves use of other researchers’ findings thus acknowledgement of these researchers is part of this assignment. Background Magnetic nanoparticles with a superparamagnetic property are good for a range of interdisciplinary methodologies and biomedical use. According to the exceptional chemical and physical behaviours, magnetic nanoparticles have a high feature for numerous biomedical applications, like: a) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) b) hyperthermia c) cell and bio­macromolecule separation d) gene and drug delivery and some others (Lockman et al. 2002). Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles are at the present one of the acceptable and significant mag­netic nanoparticles for biomedical usages (Pankhurst et al. 2003). It has been proven that the surface of magnetite nanoparticles is customized by biomacromolecules, surfac­tants and a number of others for application in biomedical discipline. Applying of every surfactant to and stabilize and functional­ize nanoparticles is connected to their applica­tion, since each surfactant is capable to provide the magne­tite nanoparticles unique features. To apply Fe3O4 nanoparticles for bacteria cell separation, the facade of nanoparticles can be customized for immobilizing of particles on the surface of microorganisms. A part from the properties of the particles technology has also influenced the applicability of these particles in biomedicine (Pankhurst et al. 2003). Nanoscience is among the most significant researches in contemporary science. Nanotechnology is starting to permit physicians, scientists, engineers and chemists to practice at the cellular and molecular levels to generate important achievements in the healthcare and life sciences. The application of nanoparticle [NP] components provides major merits due to their exclusive size and physicochemical features (Pankhurst et al. 2003). Because of the extensive uses of MNPs (magnetic nanoparticles) in biomedical, biotechnology, substance science, engineering, and environmental discipline, much concentration has been given to the combination of different MNPs. Magnetic nanoparticles provides some attractive potentials in biomedicine. The first one is that they have controllable sizes varying from a small number of nanometres to tens of nanometres, which puts them at sizes that are lesser than or equivalent to sizes of a protein (5–50 nm) a virus (20–450 nm), a gene (2 nm wide and 10–100 nm long) or a cell (10–100μm) (Pankhurst et al. 2003). In this essay the analysis addresses the underlying features of the biomedical applications of MNPs. After reassessing some of the pertinent basic conceptions of magnetism, comprising the categorization of diverse magnetic resources and how magnetic features can exert a force at a space, the paper concerns with considering four particular applications: drug delivery, magnetic separation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and hyperthermia treatments contrast improvement. The usage of tiny particles in vitro assessments has been done for almost 40 years (Sun et al.2000). This is because to a number of advantageous factors comprising a big surface area to volume ratio, and the likelihood of ever-present tissue convenience (Goya et al. 2008). Nanoparticles that have magnetic features offer exhilarating new chances including enhancing the quality of MRI, hyperthermic therapy for malignant cells, site-oriented drug delivery and also the current research concentration of influencing cell membranes, each of which must be handled in this evaluation (Zhu et al. 2013). The manner these features are controlled and applied is demonstrated with reference such as magnetic separation of controlled cells and other biological features; radio frequency techniques for the catabolism of tumors through hyperthermia; gene, therapeutic drug and radionuclide liberation; and contrast improvement agents for magnetic significance imaging features (Sun et al.2000). Results and Discussion This section provides the results and necessary justification regarding application of magnetic nanoparticles (Berry and Curtis 2003). Magnetic nanoparticles are physiologically sound accepted, for instance dextran-magnetite has no quantifiable toxicity indicator LD50 (Babincova et al 2000). However, the providence of NPs concerning intravenous management, as indicated below, signifies the diverse biological practices that should to be considered. After NPs are injected through the bloodstream they are speedily covered by components of the transmission, like plasma proteins. This procedure is recognized as opsonization, and is significant in dictating the condition of the introduced particles (Davis 1997). Source: (Berry and Curtis 2003) Normally opsonization gives the particles identifiable by the body’s key defence mechanism, the RES (reticulo-endothelial system). The RES is a disseminate system of particular cells known as phagocytic related with the linkage tissue structure of the spleen, liver and lymph nodes (Kreuter 1994, Araujo et al 1999). The macrophage tissues of the liver, and to a smaller degree the macrophages of the circulation and spleen, therefore involve a critical responsibility in the elimination of opsonized particles. As an outcome, the submission of NPs in vivo or ex vivo must require surface adjustment that would make sure particles were biocompatible, non-toxic and secure for the RES. Magnetic medicine targeting uses magnetic biocompatible NPs comprising a drug which might be introduced intravenously, relocated to a location of action such as arterial blockage or cancerous tumor and be maintained at the site by submission of a magnetic field gradient (Brigger et al 2002). This type of drug delivery is beneficial in that an exact location in the body can be besieged by the magnetic field, the prescriptions needed for organized drug delivery are reduced, restricted drug stages can be augmented considerably with reduced possibility of toxic side effects at non-targeted cells, and a protracted release of high contained drug concentrations at a essential location can be attained. Particles in nanosize encompass considerably different uniqueness from particles not in nanoscope. Because these nanoparticle features are often in a lot of applications, they have been functional in a wide variety of medical study as illustrated below (Choi and Wang 2011). Source: (Choi and Wang 2011). The diagram shows a multifunctional of NPs applicability in medicine and bioimaging. Developed synthesis and bioconjugation processes for multioperational NPs assist enabling applications of these particles in vivo and therapy and imaging (Zhu et al. 2013). Nanotechnology has enhanced to a phase that it likely to generate, typify and specifically modify the functional features of nanoparticles for clinical usages (Curtis and Wilkinson 2001). This review detail the main sections of biomedical usages and current study using such MNPs comprising MRI contrast agents, for application as possible hyperthermia therapy for malignant cells, targeted drug deliverance also as laboratory instruments to maneuver cell membranes. Biologically talking, the main prerequisite for MRI is that the cells proficiently detain the magnetic contents they are introduced to subsequent the endocytosis route (Curtis and Wilkinson 2001). The endocytic procedure is a method whereby nano-sized substance is digested by a cell. If a cell can be adequately equiped with magnetic material, then MRI can also be assumed for usage in cell tracking, as it can contain a declaration of 20–25μm, indicating the size of solitary cells (Bulte et al 2002). Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles are presently one of the significant and acceptable MNPs for biomedical function. The main factors, which decide the biocompatibility and toxicity of these resources, are the character of the magnetically receptive particles, such as magnetite, nickel, cobalt, and iron, and the last size of the particles, the coatings, and their core. Iron oxide NPs comprising magnetite (Fe3O4) or its tarnished structure maghemite (g-Fe2O3) are by far the majority usually employed NPs for biomedical usages (Laurent et al. 2008). Highly magnetic resources such as nickel and cobalt are vulnerable to oxidation and are lethal (Zhu et al. 2013). For biomedical applications, the usage of particles that give superparamagnetic actions at room condition is favored. Furthermore, usages in treatment and biology and medical analysis require the magnetic particles to be established in water at pH 7 and in a physiological setting. The colloidal constancy of this solution will rely on the charge and surface properties, which provide rise to both coulombic and steric repulsions and also rely on the sizes of the particles, which should be adequately small to allow precipitation. Magnetic separation of proteins and nucleic acids enables direct purification and isolation of target biomolecules from complex biological samples, like body fluids or cell homogenates. Magnetic separation methodologies have several advantages in contrast to conventional separation processes; the laboratory-scale procedure is very easy, and all stages of the sanitization can occur in one test tube with no expensive liquid chromatography mechanisms (Zhu et al. 2013). Magnetic elements can be professionally used for the uncovering and determination of objective analytes in medical biochemistry. Many strategies have been urbanized like electrochemical immunoassay applications for the concurrent measurements of numerous proteins, FIA (flow injection analysis) utilizing enzymes immobilized on magnetic elements, magnetic division immunoassay for digoxin by means of flow injection fluorescence discovery, sequential injection psychoanalysis with a chemiluminescence sensor for the fortitude of vitellogenin or immunoassay for SIA (sequential injection analysis) (Aguilar-Arteaga et al. 2010). Well-organized preconcentration of objective analytes from big volumes of biological or water samples can be attained using Magnetic solid stage extraction. In biomedicine it is frequently beneficial to separate out exact biological particles from their native setting in order that resolute samples may be organized for successive analysis or other application. Magnetic separation biocompatible NPs are one method to attain this. It is a two-step procedure, comprising the tagging or labeling of the preferred biological unit with magnetic particles and the dividing these tagged particles through a fluid-based magnetic division device (Zhu et al. 2013). To apply magnetite nanoparticles or microorganisms cell separation, the surface of NPs would be customized for immobilizing of NPs on the surface of microorganisms. Functionalization of MNPs is executed by diverse surfactant like glycine or oleic acid to fasten on the bacteria cell surface concurrently (Pankhurst et al. 2003). The MNPs have extremely low toxicity on the existing cells. Source: (Pankhurst et al. 2003). The special killing of cancer tissues without detriment normal cells has been a preferred goal in cancer treatment for a number of years. However, a variety of procedures applied to date, comprising radiotherapy, chemotherapy or surgery, can fail of this objective. The functionality of hyperthermia as a therapy for cancer was initially predicted after observations that numerous types of cancer tissues were more responsive to hotness in surplus of 41°C than their usual counter parts (Zhu et al. 2013). The technique depends on the hypothesis that any metallic substances when placed in a substituting magnetic field will have stimulated currents charge within them. The quantity of charge is comparative to the dimension of the magnetic field and the dimension of the substance. As these charges flow in the metal, the metal opposes the surge of current and thus heats, a process referred to as inductive heating. When the metal is magnetic, like iron, the occurrence is greatly improved. Therefore, if a magnetic fluid is introduced to an alternating magnetic current the particles get powerful heat supplies, damaging the tumor cells (Babincova et al 2000). The magnetic liquids used are rather suspensions of superparamagnetic particles, equipped much as illustrated for MRI difference agents, as these create more heat per unit mass than bigger particles (Mitsumuri et al 1996). The procedure to amalgamate the FMTNPs is illustrated below. The Fe3O4 are first formed by conventional chemical co-precipitation, subsequent with alteration with oleic acid. The Fe3O4/OA (hydrophobic) NPs were then discrete in chloroform and dispersed in an aqueous resolution comprising polymerizable NaUA (surfactant) (Zhu et al. 2013). After desertion of chloroform at normal temperature, the bicompiled surfactants-transformed Fe3O4/(OA/NaUA) NPs using OA chemically linked to the Fe3O4 facade in the initial layer and the hydrophobic alkyl section of NaUA incisive the OA molecules creating the subsequent layer are fashioned. The hydrophilic and negative-charged carboxylate components of the NaUA get attached with water particles thus dissolves the Fe3O4 NPs in water (Zhu et al. 2013). Source: (Zhu et al. 2013). The diagram shows a schematic demonstration for the processing of FMTNPs by seed emulsifier-free suspension polymerization Scientific Significance and Relevance Magnetic nano- and microparticles are intensively researched topics for a lot of years. Magnetically receptive biocompatible resources signify an extremely significant group of stimuli receptive materials with high likely both in application and research area. Various sections of biomedicine have gotten a considerable advantage due to the usage of magnetic nano- and microparticles, together for in vivo and in vitro processes. Further development in this topic could be predictable if cost efficient biocompatible magnetic elements would become obtainable. Biocompatibility and safety researches of magnetically receptive materials, long-term toxicity studies, currently are in progress. The prospective of magnetic nanoparticles will almost certainly develop when multifaceted magnetic nanoparticles and drugs having (nano) systems developed, enabling their magnetic routing, MRI detection and heat invention. The main challenges currently connected with systemic drug provision comprise adequate biodistribution of pharmaceuticals all through the body, the deficient of drug specificity regarding a pathological location, the need of a huge dose to attain high local attentiveness, non-specific toxicity and other unfavorable side effects because of over drug doses. Introduction of MNPs is to assist in reducing such effects. Magnetic nanoparticles confirm extraordinary new phenomena like superparamagnetism (Cai and Wan 2007), high saturation field, high field irreversibility, extra anisotropy assistance, or shifted loops following field cooling. These characteristics arise from thin and finite-size impacts and surface effects that control the magnetic feature of individual nanoparticles. Frenkel and Dorfman were the initial individuals to forecast that a particle of ferromagnetic substances (Acklin and Lauten 2012). The magnetization conduct of these materials above a definite temperature, such as the overcrowding temperature, is the same to that of superparamagnetism except that large vulnerabilities and, thus, a very large moment are involved (Cai and Wan 2007). The toxicity of nanomaterial is vitally important subject for experts both in biomedical fields and material science. Toxicity evaluation so far has been educational but it could not match the expansion of technology particularly in biological usages of nanoparticlces (Lin et al. 2006). Even in in vitro assays, analyze outcomes were often barred by their inconsistency. For in vivo usage it is even more significant to have well definite, reliable analysis protocol and methods so that one can attempt to find out the key to the unidentified, “black box” of material toxicity in vivo (Choi and Wang 2011). The instant requirement in this concern will be the consistency of evaluation protocols for nanoparticle toxicity. In vitro outcomes should be cautiously incorporated to the in vivo conduct of nanoparticles because it is moderately different setting that nanoparticles will get. Source: (Choi and Wang 2011). Conclusion Nanotechnology has enhanced to a phase that it makes it likely to generate, typify and specifically modify the functional features of nanoparticles for clinical usages. This review detail the main sections of biomedical usages and current study using such MNPs comprising MRI contrast agents, for application as possible hyperthermia therapy for malignant cells, targeted drug deliverance also as laboratory instruments to maneuver cell membranes. Reference List ACKLIN, B., & LAUTENS, E. (2012). Magnetic nanoparticles: properties, synthesis and applications. New York, Nova Science Publishers. AGUILAR-ARTEAGA, K., RODRIGUEZ, J.A., AND BARRADO, E. (2010). Magnetic solids in analytical chemistry: A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 674, 157–165. BABINCOVA M, LESZCZYNSKA D, SOURIVONG P & BABINEC P. (2000). Selective treatment of neoplastic cells using ferritin-mediated electromagnetic hyperthermia Med. Hypoth. 54 177–9 BERRY, CC. & CURTIS, G.S.A. (2003). Functionalisation of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. PII: S0022-3727(03)38650-4 BRIGGER, DUBERNET, C, & COUVREUR P (2002). Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 54 631–51 BULTE, J. W. M, DUNCAN I. D. & FRANK, J. A. (2002). In vivo tracking of magnetically labeled cells following transplantation J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 22 899–907 CAI, W., & WAN, J.Q. (2007). Facile synthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles in liquid polyols. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 305, 366–370. CHOI, J. & WANG, S. N. (2011). Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications and Their Safety Concerns. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license. Retrieved on 16th February 2014 from http://www.intechopen.com/books/biomedical-engineering-from-theory-to-applications/nanoparticles-in-biomedical-applications-and-their-safety-concerns CURTIS, A.S. G. & WILKINSON, C. D. W. (2001). Nanotechniques and approaches in biotechnology Trends Biotechnol. 19 97–101 DAVIS, S. S. (1997). Biomedical applications of nanotechnology—implications for drug targeting and gene therapy Trends Biotechnol. 15 217–24 GOYA, G.F., GRAZU, V., AND IBARRA, M.R. (2008). Magnetic nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Curr.Nanosci. 4, 1–16. KREUTER, J. (1994). Drug targeting with nanoparticles Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet 19 253–6 LAURENT, S., FORGE, D., PORT, M., ROCH, A., ROBIC, C., ELST, L.V., AND MULLER, R.N. (2008). Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations,and biological applications. Chem. Rev. 108, 2064–2110. LIN, C.R., CHU, Y.M., AND WANG, S.C. (2006). Magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles prepared by mechanochemical reaction. Mater. Lett. 60, 447–450. LOCKMAN, P.R., MUMPER, R.J., KHAN, M.A., AND ALLEN, D.D. (2002). Nanoparticle technology for drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Drug Devel. Ind. Pharm. 28, 1–13. MITSUMORI, M., HIRAOKI, M., SHIBATA T, OKUNO Y, NAGATA Y, NISHIMURA Y, ABE M, HASEGAWA M, NAGAE, H. AND EBISAWA Y. (1996). Targeted hyperthermia using dextran magnetite complex:a new treatment modality for liver tumours. Hepatogastroenterology 43 1431–7 PANKHURST, Q. A, CONNOLLY, J. JONE, S. K. & DOBSON. J. (2003). Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine. Topical Review: Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. Pii: S0022-3727(03)40035-1 SUN X, GUTIERREZ A, YACAMAN M J, DONG, X. & JIN S. (2000). Investigations on magnetic properties and structure for carbon encapsulated nanoparticles of Fe, Co, Ni Mater.Sci. Eng. 286 157–60 ZHU A, H., TAO B. J, WANG C.D.W., ZHOU, A, Y., LI C, P., ZHENG LI A, Z. YAN A, K., WU A,C. S., KELVIN W.K., YEUNG D, ZUSHUN XU A,C,,, HAIBO XU B, PAUL K. & CHU C, (2013). Magnetic, fluorescent, and thermo-responsive Fe3O4/rare earth incorporated poly(St-NIPAM) coreeshell colloidal nanoparticles in multimodal optical/magnetic resonance imaging probes. Biomaterials 34 (2013) 2296e2306 Read More