Domestic Violence in the UK - Essay Example

Domestic Violence Total Number of Words: 2,864 Table of Contents Introduction …………………………………………………………………………. 2 1.1 Aims of the Study ………………………………………………………… 5 1.2 Rationale for Selecting the Research Topic ………………………………. 4 1.3 Indicative Content ………………………………………………………… 5 2. Literature Review …………………………………………………………………… 5 2.1 General Facts about Domestic Violence ………………………………….. 5 2.2 Adverse Psychological Impact of Domestic Violence …………………… 6 2.3 Major Factors that Can Lead to Higher Incidence of Domestic Violence .. 7 2.3.1 Unequal Power Relationships between Men and Women …… 7 2.3.2 Sexual Inequality, Oppression and Discrimination …………… 8 2.4 Effective Strategies that can Help Reduce the Cases of Domestic Violence 8 2.4.1 Promote the Importance of Sexual Diversity …………………. 9 2.4.2 Increase the Public Awareness of Gender Inequalities and Domestic Violence ……………………………………………. 10 2.4.3 Promote Women Empowerment ……………………………… 10 2.5 Role of Social Care in Relation to the Concept of Gender Inequalities ….. 11 3 Reflection on Learning’s Influence on Community Practice ………………………. 11 4 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………….. 12 References ………………………………………………………………………………… 13 - 17 Chapter 1 – Introduction The term ‘abuse’ refers to negative behaviour involving harmful acts of a person against another person (i.e. sexual, emotional, economic, physical or verbal abuse) (Adams et al., 2008; Fall and Howard, 2004, pp. 14–17). Such abuse can range from mild to coercive abuse, which can lead to the untimely death of one or more person (Humphreys and Stanley, 2006, p. 13). On the other hand, domestic violence is a form of violent or negative behaviour taking place within a family, home environment, or a close relationship such as marriage or dating (Fink, 2010, p. 464; Black et al., 2008). Specifically the term ‘domestic violence’ can either refer to men and women as victims of abuse (Ahmed, 2009, p. 1). However, the rate of abuse inflicted on women and children is much higher as compared to men (Humphreys and Stanley, 2006, p. 13). In the UK, 62% and 38% of domestic abuse victims are female and male respectively (Office for National Statistics, 2014). Specifically the Women’s Aid (2014) reported that at least one (1) incident of domestic violence occurs in this country each minute and that at least two (2) women are killed by their former or current male partner each week. Published on the official website of gov.uk, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) reported that roughly 1.2 million women were victims of domestic abuse and that more than 330,000 women throughout the United Kingdom were sexually assaulted from 2012 to 2013 (gov.uk, 2014). For so many reasons, domestic violence, up to the present time, can still be a ‘hidden crime’ mainly because the victims are ashamed of being abused by their current or former partner (Rose, 2013, pp. 12–13; Womens Aid, 2008). To gain better understanding of the gender differences in domestic violence, this study will purposely analyse and discuss the existence of unequal power distribution between men and women, the main causes of sexual inequality, oppression and gender or racial discrimination. Eventually, strategies that can help reduce the cases of domestic violence in the United Kingdom will be tackled in details. 1.1 Aims of the Study To help reduce the incidence of domestic violence in UK, this study aims to integrate the concept of sexual diversity, gender inequalities and women empowerment in the context of domestic violence. 1.2 Rationale for Selecting the Research Topic The traumatic experiences the victims get from domestic violence can lead to long-term stress, physical injuries, adverse mental and psychological changes and emotional burden such as anxiety and depression (Pearson et al., 2007, p. 38). In line with this, the UK government allocated a total of £40 million to financially support the funding of ‘local support services’ and ‘national help lines’ for abuse victims up to the end of 2015. However, the Living Without Abuse (2014) has recently reported that the actual costs of domestic abuse have reached £23 billion each year (i.e. money spent on health and social care services, housing, and the criminal justice system) whereas the cost of murder is roughly £112 million each year (LWA, 2014). The process of gaining more understanding of how one can effectively reduce the risks of domestic violence is important not only in terms of protecting the victims from its long-term physical, emotional and psychological consequences but also helping the UK government reduce the unnecessary expenses spent on the need to extend social support group services or hotlines to the victims. Likewise, completing this study will also help the social care personnel and community members learn more ways on how they can help the family members of the affected individuals reduce unnecessary housing, healthcare and social care costs throughout their lifetime (Miller et al., 2010). In the case of married women, cases of unwanted pregnancy caused by ‘intimate partner violence’ (Gee et al., 2009; Cripe et al., 2008; Stephenson et al., 2008) or ‘pregnancy coercion’ (Miller et al., 2010) can be avoided. 1.3 Indicative Content This study assumes that a few of the most effective strategies that can help reduce the cases of domestic violence in UK include the need to promote the importance of sexual diversity, increase public awareness on gender inequalities and promote the importance of women empowerment. Chapter 2 – Literature Review 2.1 General Facts about Domestic Violence Domestic violence can occur not only between intimate partners such as boyfriends, girlfriends or spouses but also among the family members such as parent-and-child, step parent and children, brothers and sisters or relatives. A good example of domestic violence includes the incidence wherein the husband would physically beat the wife or children (Ahmed, 2009). Likewise, verbal or emotional abuse is another form of domestic abuse which can actually decrease the self-esteem or self-worth of the victims (Follongstad and Dehart, 2000). Lastly, economic abuse is all about depriving the victim of gaining access to education or employment (Adams et al., 2008) or spending the victims’ money without his or her knowledge and eventually resulting to debts (Adams et al., 2008; Brewster, 2003). As such, a lot of women do not report cases of domestic violence because of their familial and/or financial dependence on their husband or intimate partner (Chan, 2011). Although most cases of domestic violence are non-fatal, there are cases wherein murder or homicide can occur (Van Wormer and Roberts, 2009, pp. 103–104). It is a myth that victims of domestic violence are all women and children since there are also cases wherein men can also become victims of domestic violence (Munox-Rivas et al., 2007a, 2007b; Whitaker et al., 2007). However, there are also cases wherein domestic violence on men can occur as self-defence (Johnson and Ferraro, 2000). According to Munoz-Rivas et al. (2007a), one of the main reasons why women are involved in coercion or verbal aggression is because of jealousy. In line with this, Munoz-Rivas et al. (2007b) revealed that it is common for girls to show higher rates of physical aggression as compared to boys (i.e. kicking or hitting (13.4% vs. 5.3%), slapping (12.4% vs. 3.1%) and grabbing or shoving (22.5% vs. 1.9%). In general, there are quite a lot of factors that contribute to the increase in the incidence of domestic violence. For instance, playing violent video games can expose a child to violent acts such as beating women to death in exchange of money (Meltz, 2003). Likewise, playing violent games can also increase a person’s aggressive and violent behaviours (Anderson and Bushman, 2001). In line with this, Lieberman (1998) revealed that playing too many violent games can promote the development of violent culture among the youths. As children become adults, they may eventually end up practicing violent behaviour at the time they have their own family. Other possible causes of domestic violence include immaturity the consumption of alcohol, the use of illegal drugs or the presence of mental illnesses (Kappler, 2011, pp. 37–38). 2.2 Adverse Psychological Impact of Domestic Violence Domestic violence can affect the psychological well-being of a person. For instance, it is common for victims of domestic violence to develop not only emotional trauma but also severe anxiety, depression, lower level of self-esteem (Hust, 2009, p. 232), phobias and psychosocial problems which can lead to social isolation (Buzawa, Buzawa and Stark, 2012, p. 47; Jackson, 2007, p. 643). Aside from developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD), victims of domestic violence may also suffer from severe mental and emotional stress (Kallivayalil, 2007, p. 81). 2.3 Major Factors that Can Lead to Higher Incidence of Domestic Violence 2.3.1 Unequal Power Relationships between Men and Women Power between men and women can be defined as ‘social domination’ (Baugher and Spencer-Wood, 2010, p. 344). In line with this, power may refer to force, control or legitimate authority within a given situation (Radtke and Stam, 1995, p. 8). In most cases, power can be directly related to cultural, legal, physical, psychological, political, religious, or social factors in life (Borisoff and Chesebro, 2011, p. 3). Within the context of intimate relationship issues, power refers to whether or not men or women have a direct control in the financial earnings or decision making within the family or relationship circle. For example, does the husband earn more money as compared to wife? Does the husband make all important decision making in the family circle? In general, cultural factor plays a significant role behind the unequal distribution of power between men and women. For instance, in most Asian culture, men are regarded as the head of the family (Chan, 2011). Therefore, a lot of societies worldwide have come to accept the idea that women are should be submissive and technically less dominant as compared to men in general. Gender is important because it serves as the social identify of each person affecting all kinds of social relationship among men, women, and children (Baugher and Spencer-Wood, 2010, p. 343). In line with this, Baugher and Spencer-Wood (2010, p. 343) explained that the dynamics of gender power are important in terms of creating the ‘power landscape’. For instance, attributed to ‘patriarchal domination’, it is men who have more ‘power over women’ (Afshar and Maynard, 2003, p. 200). In relation to the concept of masculinity, it is man who has the legitimate power to exercise within and outside the public domain (Tickner, 2014, p. 12). In relation to patriarchal oppression, the term ‘feminism’ is referring to women empowerment wherein women’s power is being promoted as a way to disempower or oppress the power of men within a ‘male-dominated society’ (Genz and Brabon, 2009, p. 76). To gain equal power with men, most women today are struggling to fight for their equal rights in gaining control over their own destiny in life which includes gaining access to material wealth and possessions (Hooks, 2000, p. 92). Regardless of race, ethnic, culture and religious background, the unequal distribution of power between men and women can increase the incidence of ‘violence against women’ (World Health Organization, 2009; Afshar and Maynard, 2003, p. 200). 2.3.2 Sexual Inequality, Oppression and Discrimination Sexual inequality is defined as indignity or being at a social disadvantage because of a person’s sexual identity (Teunis and Herdt, 2007, p. 1) whereas gender discrimination is referring to different ‘treatment of women’ which is normally less superior than the treatment given to men (Caves, 2005, p. 195). Specifically the term ‘oppression’ is all about human relations that practices psychological, social or economic exploitation or domination (Gil, 2013). In general, sexual inequality or gender discrimination can lead to psychological, economic or social oppression on the part of most women. Because of continuous physical, mental, psychological or sexual abuse, some people have come to accept domestic violence as something that is normal (Boundless, 2013, pp. 898–899). Aside from being on the oppressive side, cultural factor such as acceptance within the public or individual level somehow explains why more women are continuously becoming victims of domestic violence as compared to men (Compton, 2010, p. 245; Brinkerhoff et al., 2008, p. 13). 2.4 Effective Strategies that can Help Reduce the Cases of Domestic Violence Earlier it was mentioned that the main causes of domestic violence is complex by nature in the sense that such violence can be triggered by patriarchal or male dominion practices (Tickner, 2014, p. 12; World Health Organization, 2009; Afshar and Maynard, 2003, p. 200) or sexual inequalities and oppression such as the unequal distribution of power between men and women (Gil, 2013; Compton, 2010, p. 245; Brinkerhoff et al., 2008, p. 13). To prevent domestic violence it is important to learn on ways on how to remove gender discrimination attitude and beliefs on women. Therefore, to effectively solve problems related to domestic violence, it is essential to talk about the importance of promoting sexual diversity, the need to increase public awareness on gender inequalities, and the need to promote women empowerment. 2.4.1 Promote the Importance of Sexual Diversity In relation to self, sexuality is pertaining to either male or female (Thatcher, 2011, p. 4) whereas the diversity is all about valuing and accepting the common features and differences of a person (Moore, 2001, p. 120). Considering these two definitions, it could mean that sexual diversity is all about accepting the differences of both men and women equally. In general, there are so many reasons why social care workers should promote sexual diversity. First of all, the legislation of equality and diversity issues in UK covers not only the issue on ‘sexual orientation’ of an individual but also those of ‘transsexualism’ (SOAS University of London, 2014). In the process of promoting sexual diversity, it is possible for social care services workers to intervene in preventing domestic violence which may occur within the same-sex relationships (Burke and Follingstad, 1999). Secondly, it has been said earlier that gender discrimination caused by the inequalities between men and women leads to higher incidence of domestic violence worldwide (Chan, 2011; World Health Organization, 2009; Afshar and Maynard, 2003, p. 200). For this reason, promoting equality or equal rights between men and women is necessary. In the process of removing the socio-economic discrimination between men and women, the entire society can eventually create a new culture or a society that freely accepts and embrace the human rights and differences of men and women. 2.4.2 Increase the Public Awareness of Gender Inequalities and Domestic Violence Increasing the public awareness on gender inequalities and domestic violence is important in terms of educating people about the human rights of both men and women. In the process of educating the people about the gender equality, violence among the intimate partners can be avoided. To create public awareness about the issues on gender inequalities and the high incidence of domestic violence, the World Health Organization (2009) strongly suggests the need to take advantage of the use of media and encourage the school personnel to participate in educating the entire community about the importance of gender equality. For instance, through school-based intervention practices, teachers can easily educate children about dating and sexual abuse (Foshee et al., 2005; Hickman, Jaycox and Aronoff, 2004) and strategic ways on how they can protect themselves against domestic violence (World Health Organization, 2009). Aside from encouraging the young male students not to be involved in domestic violence, the use of school-based initiatives can also be used in educating them on how they can become good fathers someday (World Health Organization, 2009). Through the use of community-based intervention, it is possible to educate the youth about how to develop a healthy relationship that is free from emotional stress caused by domestic violence (Wolfe et al., 2003). Through the use of media, the World Health Organization (2009) explained that it will be much easier to educate all male individuals that masculinity is not all about hurting women. 2.4.3 Promote Women Empowerment Women empowerment is all about educating women about their powers and unique identity which can be used to increase their quality of life (Boraian, 2008, p. 26). Earlier it was mentioned that economic abuse or the total dependency on husband or a partner is one of the main causes why domestic violence becomes an unreported cycle (Chan, 2011; Adams et al., 2008). In the process of empowering women, this group of people can learn about the importance of fighting for their equal rights to gaining access to proper education and better career opportunities. Doing so will make more women become less dependent on their abusive partners. 2.4 Role of Social Care in Relation to the Concept of Gender Inequalities Through proper guidance or counselling, the social care plays a significant role in rebuilding the lives of the victims of domestic violence (Cheers, Darracott and Lonne, 2007, p. 2). Aside from guiding, supporting, giving empathy, reassurance and advice (Cleaver et al., 2007, p. 177), social care workers can also act as a listener. By listening to the main concerns of the victims, the social care workers could somehow reduce the levels of anxiety and depression the victims are currently experiencing. Likewise, it is the social care workers that organize respite care to the victims of domestic violence (Cheers, Darracott and Lonne, 2007, p. 2). To prevent the future risks of harming girls and women, the social care workers can also educate people about their individual human rights and how they can legally go against their perpetrators (Rosenberg, 2009, p. 63). Chapter 3 – Reflection on Learning’s Influence on Community Practice The learning I had from this study will positively affect the quality of my community practice when dealing with the victims of domestic violence. This study gave me a better insight on what makes women and children become more at risks of becoming the victims of domestic violence. In the process of completing this study, I am more confident about knowing ways on how to deal with the victims of domestic violence. Chapter 4 – Conclusion Even though men can become victims of domestic violence, it is women and children who are more prone to suffer from the long-term consequences of such abuse. Domestic violence normally occurs because of sexual and gender inequalities. 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