Project Description - Essay Example

College: PROJECT Occupation is an activity, profession or business which an individual has adequate training inand spent his/her time in. Index of segregation is the measure of the relative degree of the residential segregation commonly practiced in two sub-groups within a larger population. According to neo-classical economists, labor market segregation is a non-competitive market which consists of different sub-groups with limited crossover capacities, thus each group receive different remuneration. Gender earning ratio is the fraction of men to women with the working or employment sector. Discrimination is the prejudicial or unequal treatment of different groups of people (directly or indirectly) based on their gender, race, ethnicity, culture, age, or religion. Societal discrimination is the way in which the society treats people differently by according unequal values to different groups within the society. Labor market discrimination is the process by which imperfect labor market environments accords different treatment and valuation to the working force with others given more priority and higher wage than the rests of equal qualification. Human capital is the measure of economic value of the labor force which comprises of skills, experience, and knowledge held by employees and viewed in terms of its productivity. Experience- earnings profiles is the amount or remunerations paid out to employers based on their experiences. Direct costs are costs or expenses which can be directly traced in the production process. They include, labor and salaries. Indirect costs are costs or activities which are mutli-beneficial but their benefits cannot be easily traced. Present value is the future stream of cash flows discounted at the effective market rate of interest. Net present value is the difference between the discounted cash outflows and cash inflows. Discount rate is the interest rate that takes into the ideal and time value of money and the uncertainties of anticipated future benefits and is used to discount cash flows. Internal rate of return is the interest rate which discounts the present value of the firm to zero. Screening device are machines used by firms to protect, divide, or conceal their interest. Signal is an electronic device which is highly electromagnetic and is used in conveying data or information from place to place. Statistical discrimination is where the selecting agency (when selecting among different individuals) uses group average characteristics from which the selected samples are drawn to determine the characteristics of the sample based on group data. This is also a theoretical explanation explaining why employers pay minorities less amounts. Socialization is the process of interaction between members of a given group as they share ideas, concepts, or thoughts with a given environment. Or socialization is the process through which people acquire the language, social skills, value, and knowledge which helps then to conform to the societal norms and values. Subtle barriers are unseen entrance which is had to identify and analyze. Role models are individuals or personalities whose characters, personality and behavior are emulated by others or a person who is revered and looked up to by others. Mentor-protege relationships are the mutual relationships that exist between a mentor and the mentee who encourage each other with a common goal. Informal network is the structurally undefined social and interaction networks. Title IX is a clause the 1972 educational amendments which bans sex discrimination among schools receiving federal funds. General training is an activity organized by an institution or organization to impact general information, instruction, skills, or knowledge on the trainees. Firm-specific training is an activity mainly aimed at impact specific skills and technical skills on worker with regard to a given firm or industry. Feedback effects – are the implications that the collected responses with respect to a particular industry generally affect the operations of a firm. Gender wage gap is the wage differences between staff of different sex but with the same academic and professional qualifications. Explained gap – Is the average wage differences which can be accounted for in an organization. Unexplained gaps are the differences in the average wages within an industry which cannot be accounted by the industrial variables. Glass ceiling – is the invisible and intangible barrier in the hierarchy which restricts women and other minority groups from advancing to upper-level positions in an organization. Tastes for discrimination – these different approaches used to measure the degree of discriminations. Discrimination coefficient – is the constant variable which acts as a measure of the degree of responsiveness of discrimination. Employer discrimination is the unequal and unjust treat of employees by an employer. Employee discrimination is the practice in which employees are treated differently with some employees viewed superior to others. Implicit discrimination is the prejudice which is not clearly outlined by the law and hence, cannot be measures. Identity model - is a stable and open model that clearly defines the characteristics of the workforce with their pay. Pollution theory discrimination states that new female hires potentially may reduce or limit the prestige of the previously all-male dominated occupations. Overcrowding model is a model which outlines the undesirable states of congestion in the places of work. Institutional discrimination is the practice of prejudice by institution by discriminating against a given group based on certain traits. Institutional models of discrimination these are discriminatory frameworks advanced by different institutions or industries to discriminate on their workers. Internal labor market is the systems used by a corporation to monitor its internal work force unit and finds fills vacant positions by drawing a staff from within the organization. Dual labor market model is a model commonly used in analyzing the labor market with two classes of labor forces. Equal Pay Act is a legal statute of the federal labor standard act of 1963 which condemn discrimination in payments, wages, and other benefits based on gender. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a legal provision which prohibits discrimination in all the employment sectors based on race, religion, gender, color, nationality, or pregnancy. Is main aim is to promote fairness and create ‘level the playing field’. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is an enforcement agency which was enacted to ensure that employers abide by the rules when promoting or hiring staff. Executive Order is a declaration issued by the governor, the executive or president and has legal statutes based on the legal powers of the ordering authority. Bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) is a characteristic or job qualification which is deemed discriminatory if it is not a fundamental require for the performance of the job specification. Disparate treatment – is an international discriminatory way of handling persons are disable or belong to a given group based on ethnicity, race, color, age, or sex. Disparate impact occurs when rules and regulations governing all workers in the labor market have a more inhibiting or different effects on a particular group (women and minority) than it impact on the majority. Sexual harassment is unsolicited verbal or physical trait of any sexual nature which is uninvited or welcomed and is exerted by an authority on his/her subordinates. Affirmative action is a policy enacted by a state to increase or create more opportunities to the underrepresented members of the society without considering their color, race, sex, religion, or nationality. Comparable worth – is a job concept with requires that jobs with comparable knowledge, skills, and abilities should be given equal recognition through same salary irrespective of age, sex, gender, color, or race of the employee. Job evaluation – involves determining the relativity of a job to help in the framing of organization’s compensation plans. Dependent variable – is a factor which changed by changes or effect of the associated factor, commonly referred to as independent variable. Explanatory variable (also called predictor or independent variable) is used to predict or explain changes in values of dependent variable. Least squares regression analysis is a statistical technique which seeks to investigate the degree of association which exists between the independent and dependent variables using the line of ‘best fit’ approach. Multiple regression analysis – is a statistical procedure which attempts to determine the relationship between a single dependent variable and more than one independent variable. Real wage is the nominal wage expressed as a percentage of the real economic performance such as inflation, that is, money wage divided by the prices of goods and services. Wage inequality is the differences in the wages earned by workers based on gender, race, color, or ethnicity. Returns to skills is the package that an employer offers to striking workers to persuade them to resume their duties. Gender wage ratio – is the differences in the wage based on gender composition of the workers. Human capital investments are resources invested by a corporation to increase the productivity and build the human capacity of the firm. Wage structure is the schedule representing differences in wages paid to staff in a given industry or plant. Nonstandard workforces are employees who are not entitled to any fringe benefit and lack job-security or union membership. Temporary help agency workers are employees who are in a stand-by position and are only called in to help in case of urgency. On-call workers are part-time staff employed by firms only during eventualities such as peak hours. Contract workers are employees who are employed on contract with no terminal or permanent benefits. Independent contractors are corporations or firms which operate independent as their operations are not influence by the contracting organization. Part-time workers are workers who devotes part of their time in formal employments. Self-employment is the process on using personal skills, knowledge and techniques to conduct person engagements which is informal. Union membership – is the act of an employee joining and registering as a member of the labor union. Union wage advantage is the advantage union workers or staff enjoy through the collective bargain mechanism voiced by the union. Work Cited Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition-html, Dec. 3rd, 2012. Read More