Why Are So Many Young People Homeless - Essay Example

Why are so many young people homeless? What policies would help move towards resolving these issues? Table of Contents Introduction 3 Contemporary Housing Patterns 5 Homelessness 8 The UK Housing Market 10 Conclusion 13 References 14 Bibliography 18 Introduction White flight can be described as a demographic and sociologic term signified trend where whites flee from the urban communities. This increases minority population as people moves to other places reminiscent of commuter towns. In between the 1950s and 1960s in Cleveland and Detroit cities racial separation of the public schools was barred. Head of Commission for Equalities and Human Rights, Trevor Philips and the Australian academia have asserted that non-white Britons and White Britons are turned out to be more segregated. On the other hand, researchers Danny Dorling, Ludi Simpson and Ceri Peach have bickered that UK segregation is either steady or deteriorating. Demographic data point out simultaneous trends of ethnic minority segregation and dispersal (CCSR, 2009). Council house can be stated as a form of social and public housing, generally demoted in United Kingdom and Ireland Republic. Council houses are operated and build by the local councils to furnish un-crowded, well constructed homes on the safe tenancies at below the market rents to mainly working class people. In 1979, the council housing role was reduced by the introduction of the right to get legislation as well as emphasis change to development of fresh social housing through housing associations. Around 40% of country’s communal housing stockpile is owned through local authorities (Government of United Kingdom, 2009). In M. Luthra’s paper it was argued that susceptible acceptances of retreat from generally anti-racist perspectives may become an anti-oppressive exercise which may lead to reduction of every such crucial perspective surrounded by the social work to a certain extent than their regeneration. The writer after much meticulous review tells that such anti-oppressive paradigm will carry out as the social norm in future work. UK has large mixed-race residents, which constitutes around the 1.2% of population. The largest secondary group consists mainly of mixed Black and Whites group as well as mixed Whites and the Asians. There are, on the other hand, 70,000 UK people who are mixed and cannot be described by the above categories. An important proportion of those persons are Afro-Asian. Prominent Afro-Asian Britons includes Naomi Campbell and David Jordon. Huge number of Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Caribbean and the African citizens face the multiple difficulties and also negative outcomes like poor housing and health and low skills and qualifications. British African Caribbean Communities are the residents of UK who are of West Indian background whose associates were first and foremost indigenous to Africa. The immigration to UK from Africa gradually increased in 1990s. The traditional and common use of the term Afro-Caribbean centre of population is used in reference to the residents groups which feature Caribbean culture, traditions and customs in United Kingdom (African Crisis, 2007). British Asian is the term used to describes British people who are migrants from South Asia. Prior to formation of United Kingdom, immigration of the South Asian citizens to England started with the arrival of East India Company to Indian subcontinent. It continued during British Raj and gradually increased in quantity after independence of Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India and Pakistan from the British rule (Global Issues, 2008). Contemporary Housing Patterns Almost all of the features of the population guide in United Kingdom are in unsatisfactory state. The present census which was conducted was not satisfactory. Immigration flow is calculated by taking a small voluntary sample of people going for emigration and immigration. Problem arising from sampling fault and illegal people in the census are of commonplace. The UK citizens are intended to grow massively. The figure is set to go up from present value of 60.6 million to 69.3 million from 2006 to 2026. The 8.7 million increases which are forecasted are more than the present London population size. But in between 2006 to 2081 population expected to rise nearly to 24.7 million- which is three times of present UK population. The key driver of this growth is international migration, with the immigration hugely exceeding emigration. With this growth comes an enormous and original on-going modification of racial group work and of population. This has changed after World War II, with the decrease of White British population as well as huge growth in whole ethnic minority of population. The population growth has carried on through different ages. In recent times, with the increase in options and also maintaining support for aged population has increased immigration, which though is totally unrealistic. In Manchester, there are 10% non white population which amounts to 222,000 in total, in West Midlands there are 25% non white population amounting to 512,000 and in London city there are 29% non-white population of amounting to 2.1 million people (Government of United Kingdom, 2006). In UK, in between 1990 to 1996 more than 1 million people mortgaged their repossession. These are extremely expensive. It results to penalties, legal fees, interest payment and the most spectacular form of unsustainable housing obligation. Few family circles who live in the rented accommodation have the knowledge of eviction which is in their mind as a traumatic event. Repossession and eviction, possible in many cases, is the result of financial difficulties as a lot of amount was arrears proceeding to being dispossessed. Multivariate investigation confirms importance of the financial, structural and the personal factors. Households in many cases suffer from the rental and mortgage arrears. Above all, household older heads of the families face some reduced peril of the housing finance troubles. The financial state of affairs has clearly a significant role in families being united. Problem of housing finance is reduced in cases where the head of the family command higher family circle income, and also the other half of the family head are employed. People with additional valuable house are of the less probable group of facing problems of housing finance. On the other hand, the experience from the past financial problems has mainly strong influence over the present financial situation as well as on risk associates on the expulsion. The rate of regional unemployment has a significant impact and also possibility of having complexities in meeting the housing costs as well as of eviction. The main significance of the natural economic environment is in determining vulnerable housing commitments (Bohemin & Taylor, 2000). Research in 1980s identified considerable discrimination in the housing allocation. In 1990s, studies showed unrelenting inequalities in the services for minority and black ethnic tenants as well as potential tenants. For example, minority and black ethnic homelessness remain unreasonably high. This confirmation drew the attention to lack of black as well as minority ethnic personnel in social housing division, mainly at the senior office and also management stages, and also lack of the BME-led housing contributors. These results were replicated for the period of the 1990s, despite the fact that one study instigated increase in numbers, but only for the lower levels. In United Kingdom there are lowest home and the highest level of social renting ownership for the Black Caribbean as well as the Bangladeshi groups. There are 2% of the white groups in the over-crowded condition. But in the same over crowded area there are 7% of the Indian; 9% of black and 23% of Bangladeshi and Pakistani households. Ethno-religious cluster is made-up of citizens who have together an identical ethnicity as well as the similar religion. Citizens from dissimilar ethno-religious groups are inclined to come from various areas of UK and the Wales. They are in support of Indian Muslims who were likely to stay in North West province compared to the Indian Hindus or the Indian Sikhs. On the whole, citizens from the EM groups are likely to stay in underprivileged areas as well as in the poor habituated housing. Racism is an important reason for some EM’s inclination in deciding to stay in the densely colonized areas. Near 2000 British crime survey points out over the half of ethnically encouraged incidents took place by the side of Asian and Black respondents’ residential area. Studies of Bradford and Leeds suggest grouping in among people is the reason for getting the community support and also because they want to stay in a predictable place and familiar surroundings. This results points out some disadvantages of resulting separation of communities (Austin, 2006). Homelessness LA stats describe the homelessness among EM’s which shows that Black groups have a higher ratio of homeless people than the Whites. Among the Black group, the Black African/Caribbean people are most likely to be homeless. It is also seen that among young people the possibility of being homeless on the street or rough sleep in lower in EM’s than compared to White groups. Poverty downgrades the conditions of people as they are not able to afford basic human wants like nutrition, health care, education and shelter. About 1.7 billion of people live in the scarcity. There are so many reasons for poverty like drug/alcohol dependencies, educational underachievement, mental or health problem, domestic violence as well as unemployment. In April 21, 2010 report shows that the unemployment rate in UK stands at 8% - up by 0.1% over quarter period and it went to the highest rate in September 1996. The Race Relations Act in 1976 makes the favouritism on “racial grounds” against the law in the certain public facility. Discrimination in terms of ‘Race’ includes ‘indirect’ and ‘direct’ discrimination as well as victimisation. Simpson (1981) Nottingham - has provided a scenario where the Black families were waiting longer for the re-housing as a consequence of large households. The right to buy policies are only beneficial for the white population by way of better properties. In a competing white paper published in 18th November 1991, aiming for severance of purpose of the service liberation from the strategic household tasks. It also acted as the outset of predominately single-tier confined government arrangement. Local Government Act in 1992 was built as a task of local government to manage changes to local government structure as well as to increase competitive tendering of professional services (Leeds University, 1991). The minimum exposure requirement for the LAs and their relatives for social accommodation is a presence of account in AES as a cash sum. The gains from the earlier financial year are distributed in the housing operation spending as well as housing capital expenditure together. After the continuation of racist harassment and attack on ethnic minority groups there is a feeling of too much of vulnerability. For this reason, action plan was organized by the Home Secretary. It was done to investigate the findings of the independent judicial investigation into assassination of Stephen Lawrence. They were seen as the guide by transporting away positive messages concerning asylum-seekers as well as saving them from the racial harassment. They also take the steps to talk for counterattacking along with police officers. The Home Secretary’s plan has a significant amount of recommendations for preventing the racist crimes in UK. The inquiry into the drug testing at work was established in 2002. There was tremendous effort put in to bring together distinguished commissioners body to examine evidence of drug testing in United Kingdom (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, n.d.). The drawback of socio-economic backgrounds and trauma in the childhood has increased the homelessness risk in UK. Homelessness can initiate mental health problems and drug mishandling problems to the young people in UK. There is a strong alliance between the homelessness and also withdrawing from employment, education, with a dispute evident between employability initiatives and welfare benefit scheme. The biggest reason for homelessness in UK is accommodation loss. The other reasons of homelessness in UK are tenancy loss, relationship breakdown and mortgage/rent arrears. New approaches are developed in United Kingdom to prevent the young people’s homelessness. Government policy about the mediation has created a strong response which forced the young people to stay with their family and friend. London Council reconsiders mediation policies of seven London constituencies. The study determined the success of the policies. 16 and 17 years old people have now returned home after undergoing the mediation. Mediation strategy plays a crucial role to prevent the homelessness in UK. Government should establish clear guidelines to assist the local authorities to look after for the matter of transfer to mediation is appropriate or not. Government and local authorities should provide the temporary accommodation. The Best Value Performance Indicator which is mainly work for prevent the homelessness should be revised. The mediation services fund should be transparent. Government should also take the statuary protection which has been strengthened to the needs of the young people. This policy is also good to prevent the homelessness in UK. Local authorities of UK have some duty to provide some assistance as well as adviser to prevent the homelessness. The way of homelessness legislation works in UK is the main difficulty. There is no assistance to observe the function in the society about the homelessness works. Young homeless people in UK are divided into two groups by legislations. One is statutorily homeless and another one is non statuary homeless (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2008). The UK Housing Market UK housing market has grown in recent past, with prices rising faster than the household incomes. After dramatic crash of it in early 1990s, UK housing market staged an extraordinary recovery. According to the figures, given by the HBOS index, average residence price presently stands at about £163,000 approximately double of £82,000 which it would have worth at the turn of the millennium. The strength of housing market replicates the outstanding economic presentation of the country. The successful results are partially due to sensible autonomy monetary policies which are continued by Bank of England as well as partially owing to Gordon Brown’s expansion of the public spending policy. The robust expansion cannot totally explain the strengths of house price explosion. As a result, most of the economists have opposed that there is bubble in British market of housing and also in other nations like Australia, Sweden, Canada, Spain as well as parts of USA. In relation to index of HBOS, price rose as a result to only 1.3% in nine months from July 2004 to the April 2005. A lot of households were struck by increase in Bank of England’s pedestal rate in last year as well as were worried by improvements in world economy like increasing of oil price. Housing markets are fearful for some reasons. The building of houses takes some time. For this when demand arises, short-term supply only responds after a considerable lag period. Houses are asset that generates implicit income. Houses can become very important as it can generate future rents. More significantly, house ownership in UK is of extensive nature. A house to a lot of households is a much important asset. Households are in significant danger when the prices go up and down. In UK, there are many mortgages at different interest rates. The loan-to-value ratio is high, although re-mortgaging is simple. At around 240,000 fresh homes are required per year during the period of 1996 to 2011 (Cameron, 2005). Inside Housing is color news weekly of around 52 pages. This is an editorially autonomous body which aims to serve highest possible service to the advertisers (University of York, n.d.). The UK housing market is strangely unstable. The volatility is disturbing to the economy as it affects cumulative demand. Also, it leads to too much risk of life which has to be borne by the households. The standard loan to ratio of value is 60% in Germany in contrast to 95% in United Kingdom. This may make housing market of UK behave like housing markets of United States. Here, the long-term share of fixed-rate mortgages might be increased. The trends of private rented accommodations are as follows: Luxury > B&B Greater landlord control Increase in the low income level family’s costs Deregulation of the private rented division 10% housing stock accounts Long term tenants rights and rent control Encouragement for creating the private sector construction (Andre, 2010). Conclusion Welfare profits in UK consist of five different service groups, which are health care, cash benefitted, education, individual social service and housing. In United Kingdom, it provides around 10% cash benefit to the GDP. Public housing mostly consists of the council-owned lent housing. The owner-occupation housing on the other hand is most well known in UK because this is the base of taxation subsidy scheme (Faher, n.d.). More decentralized countries display higher amount of sub national participation. But in the United Kingdom, regional involvement in the national policymaking and also regional authorities decrease the likelihood of sub national transposition finding measures. The EU decision-making has been considered around a guiding policy called the EU policy. This policy model is used in UK for two reasons. Firstly, as a regional policy the length of the EU policy is considered as a leading edge of the multilevel governance wherein local, national and regional governments are entangled in the overarching territorially policy networks. Secondly, multi-level supremacy is prominent in implementation stage (Bache, I). Social democratic agenda is a new term which is at the forefront of present UK debates. New labor plans are put in place to inspire such debates about next age group in social democratic agenda in the United Kingdom. References African Crisis, 2007. FIXED: Genocide! Black Hatred of Asian Peoples - Especially Indians. News. [Online] Available at: http://www.africancrisis.co.za/Article.php?ID=13732& [Accessed May 26, 2010]. Andre, C., 2010. A Bird’s Eye View of OECD Housing Markets. OECD. [Online] Available at: http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2010doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT00000AFA/$FILE/JT03277653.PDF [Accessed May 26, 2010]. Austin, M. J., 2006. Understanding Poverty From Multiple Social Science Perspectives. Berkeley University. [Online] Available at: http://cssr.berkeley.edu/bassc/public/CompletePovertyReport082306.pdf [Accessed May 26, 2010]. Boheim, R. & Taylor, M., 2000. My home was my castle: Evictions and repossessions in Britain. University of Essex Colchester. [Online] Available at: http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Rcf-Ch-VubIJ:citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.34.9010%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf+Ethnic+minorities+more+likely+to+live+in+social+rented+sector+than+whites+in+UK+site:edu&hl=en&gl=in&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg2QyB_baPYgmJRWUysQZt0LXYov-3f_sWjF5e3o1f1j89I14V0nZxgbqTw9A0JQs2LZvpZumXO96OvugUhLtoWb3a2LDrG2ygKWDExHZJobsrXJp05xPKHx-RmkraEaLR6oH7b&sig=AHIEtbSdJy7of9eCWcO0GLz7lO2yVIbbuw [Accessed May 19, 2010]. Bache, I., 1997. The Extended Gatekeeper: Central Government and the Implementation of EU. Regional Policy in UK. [Online] Available at: http://aei.pitt.edu/2530/01/002874_1.PDF [Accessed May 19, 2010]. Cameron, G., 2005. The UK Housing Market. University of Oxford. [Online] Available at: http://hicks.nuff.ox.ac.uk/users/cameron/papers/ukhousingmarket.pdf [Accessed May 26, 2010]. CCSR, 2009. Migration, Race and Population Dynamics: Explaining Britain’s Ethnic Geography. University of Manchester. [Online] Available at: www.ccsr.ac.uk/research/.../research/.../LeverhulmeMigrationRaceandPopulationDynamics.pdf [Accessed May 26, 2010]. Faher, N., No Date. Country Case Studies and Links. United Kingdom. [Online] Available at: http://www.pitt.edu/~heinisch/ca_brit.html [Accessed May 19, 2010]. Global Issues, 2008. Immigration. Issues. [Online] Available at: http://www.globalissues.org/article/537/immigration [Accessed May 26, 2010]. Government of United Kingdom, 2009. Housing Allocations Schemes. Epping Forest District Council. [Online] Available at: http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/Library/files/housing/Allocation%20Scheme%202009.pdf [Accessed May 26, 2010]. Government of United Kingdom, 2006. Population Trends. National Statistics. [Online] Available at: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/PopTrends126.pdf [Accessed May 26, 2010]. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, No Date. Publishing. Home. www.jrf.org.uk/jrf.html [Accessed May 19, 2010]. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2008. Youth homelessness in the UK. Publications. [Online] Available at: http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/youth-homelessness-uk [Accessed May 26, 2010]. Leeds University, 1991. Race and Disability - A Dialogue for Action. Conference Report. [Online] Available at: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/GLAD/a%20dialogue%20for%20action%20-%20conf%20report.pdf [Accessed May 26, 2010]. University of York, No Date. The Department of Social Policy and Social Work. Center for Housing Policy. [Online] Available at: http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/chp/links.htm#2 [Accessed May 19, 2010]. Bibliography Borghetto, E. & Franchino, F., 2009. The Role of Subnational Authorities in the Implementation of EU Directives. University of Pittsburgh. [Online] Available at: http://aei.pitt.edu/12111/01/pw_119.pdf [Accessed May 19, 2010]. Rugg, J. Young People, Housing and Social Policy. Routledge, 1999. Robinson, P. Working with Young Homeless People. 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