Econometrics; Empirical short research; Cigarette - Essay Example

Table Descriptive Statistics for Sick days by Smokers and Non-smokers Smokers Mean N Std. Deviation Non-smokers 21.625 269 11.1655 Smokers 26.835 4668.3638Total24.9287359.8053In half a year, non-smokers take 22 sick leave days with a variation of 11 days while smokers take 27 sick days with a variation of 8 daysTable 2: Descriptive Statistics for Sick days by PerformancePerformanceMeanNStd. DeviationLow25.1452079.4493Medium25.2483079.6347High24.28122110.3653Total24.9287359.8053Low performers take 25 days with a variation of 9 days while medium performers take 25 days but with a variation of 10 days.

High performers take 24 days with a variation of 9 days.Table 3: Tests of Normality smokersKolmogorov-SmirnovShapiro-Wilk StatisticDfSig.StatisticDfSig.SickNon-smokers.336269.000.709269.000 Smokers.367466.000.561466.000Lilliefors Significance CorrectionA test of normality is taken to identify whether sick days and the variable smokers are normally distributed so as to warrant a t-test. From the above table, the two variables are not normally distributed and thus non-parametric tests are used.

Table 4: Ranks SmokersNMean RankSum of RanksSickNon-smokers269272.6773347.50 Smokers466423.03197132.50 Total735 Table 5: Test Statistics SickMann-Whitney U37032.500Wilcoxon W73347.500Z-9.338Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed).000Grouping Variable: smokersTable 5 above shows that, smokers take more sick days than non-smokers and that the mean days difference is significant at 5% level of significance [U=37032.5, p