Investigating LMD Practices in Private Sector in Oman - Essay Example

Doctorate of Business Administration Leeds Beckett Investigating Leadership and Management Development Practices in the Private Sector in Oman Document Four Submission Date: 25 February 2015 Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 What are the parameters used to scrutinize the Omani private sector? 5 What is the effectiveness of the LMD practices in the Omani private sector? 5 Research Philosophy 5 To scrutinize the efficacy of the LMD practices in the Omani private sector 7 Ontological and epistemological considerations of the present study 7 Critical realism is a philosophical approach which is used to describe an interface between the natural and social worlds. The interface provides an interaction that can be beneficial to both world since it offers a platform to correcting their mistakes. The interface can be achieved in economics, Marxism and international relations (Callinicos, 2006) 11 The main aim of this interaction, in economics, is to provide explanations in terms of hidden generative structure. It suggests that mainstream economic relies on dedudivists methodology, embraces an uncritical enthusiasm for formalism and despite its failures, it believes in strong conditional prediction. The positivists view of realist exhausts in empirical structure in order to understand the ontology of economic regulaties (Lopez, J. 2001) 11 Marxism differentiates between an intransitive reality, which may exists independently of human knowledge, and the socially produced world of science and empirical knowledge. Bhaskar’s influence is also acknowledged in the ontology in the philosophy of social science (Sayer,A., 1992) 11 Critical realist philosophy has increasingly encouraged the influence of international realtions. The ontology is also credited to Bhaskar (1998). The private sector in Omani is affected by both politics and international realtions. 11 Research Methodology 11 Research Theory 11 Research Methods 13 Introduction Most organisations know what good strategy and leadership development are and that good management makes a real difference to organisational performance. There is strong evidence to support this contention: historically, the greatest business leaders have driven economic prosperity and growth (BIS, 2012). The BIS findings are further confirmation of the opinion held by Mabey and Ramirez (2004), wherein they analysed that leadership and management development (LMD) leads to superior performance across companies of all sizes, sectors and national location. Managers as well as leaders at all levels, and not just those at the top, need a common set of skills associated with their management and leadership role, and these need to be developed. Just assuming that well qualified or professional people will be able to assume the management role on promotion does not necessarily help them become effective (Wolff, 2008). Some approaches to LMD are concerned predominantly with organisational strategies while other models strongly emphasize individual aims. There is a range of opinion between these two views, from those who argue that ‘organisational’ strategy may be imposed by leaders on the less powerful members of the organisation, to those who say that individual aims need to coalesce around specific themes for the organisation to have meaning for its members and stakeholders (Bush, 2010). There are several issues involved in evaluating LMD. Increasingly in the business and human resources media, there is a call for ‘better’ evaluation of LMD intervention. The basic principle driving this is for LMD to demonstrate its worth to organisations – whether that be its attributable Return on Investment (ROI) or its value in improving performance of individuals (such as productivity gains or reduced accidents) or of the organisation (such as more efficient use of resources or demonstrable improvement in quality). Essentially, LMD initiatives cost time and money and need to be shown to be worthwhile (Kenworthy, 2008). Identifying the appropriate level of analysis for a given research effort is a topic of great interest to organisational and leadership scholars (Yammarino et.al, 2005). However, leadership studies in the Middle East are almost non-existent due to the inherent difficulty of conducting organisational research there (Dorfman& House, 2004). Very little is understood about the applicability of the concept of strategy and LMD in the Arab Gulf States in general, and the Sultanate of Oman in particular. In order to construct research there is a need to consider the institutional setting and draw our research designs from a multiplicity of theoretical perspectives including resource-based perspectives, behavioural theory, and systems theory iterative models (Garavan, 2007). Further, all research is framed within a grounded theory approach which focuses on developing defensible theories informed by events, as well as interactions of people and their communications (Holloway &Todres, 2003). The current research is being undertaken to discuss facets of strategy and LMD unique to Oman and assess, identify and outline the key institutional factors that shape strategy and LMD practices in Oman. Having embarked on an extensive literature review wherein a thorough understanding of the relevant strategy and LMD theories were analysed (Ambusaidi, 2014), the following research question has been formulated:- How can strategy and LMD practices in the private sector of Oman be improved? This question will be discussed by determining the current strategies and LMD practices in the private sector in Oman and how can be improved. To answer the research question, it is imperative that this paper discusses in the form of sub-questions the following:- What is the level of strategy and LMD practices in Omani organisations? What are the parameters used to scrutinize the Omani private sector? The objective here is to have an understanding of the level of strategy and LMD practices undertaken in the Omani private sector during the past 10 years. What is the effectiveness of the LMD practices in the Omani private sector? The objective is to appreciate the efficacy of LMD practices by undertaking case study of one Omani private sector organisation. Research Philosophy To embark on a research project on how the strategy and LMD practices in the private sector of Oman can be improved, it is important to consider different research philosophies and matters of ontology and epistemology. Since these parameters describe perceptions, beliefs, assumptions and the nature of reality and truth (or knowledge of that reality), as well as the individuals’ values, they can influence the way in which the research is undertaken, from design through to conclusions, and it is therefore important to understand and discuss these aspects in order that approaches congruent to the nature and aims of improving strategy and LMD practices in the private sector of Oman are adopted, and to ensure that researcher biases are understood, exposed, and minimised (Flowers, 2009). Whilst James and Vinnicombe (2002) caution that researchers have inherent preferences that are likely to shape our research designs, Blaikie (2000) describes these aspects as part of a series of choices that the researcher must consider and he shows the alignment that must connect these choices back to the original Research Problem. If this is not achieved, methods incompatible with the researcher’s stance may be adopted, with the result that the final work will be undermined through lack of coherence about the nature and understanding of how strategy and LMD practices in the private sector of Oman can be improved. In order to understand how strategy and LMD practices in the private sector of Oman can be improved, research will be conducted in the following private sector company in Oman: Bank Muscat. With assets worth over USD 20 billion, Bank Muscat is the leading financial services provider in Oman with a strong presence in Corporate Banking, Retail Banking, Investment Banking, Islamic Banking, Treasury, Private Banking and Asset Management. The Bank has the largest network of 138 branches, 431 ATMs, 166 CDMs and more than 9000 PoS terminals. This research project, therefore, will seek to understand and explore the following research strategic question: Keeping in mind the research strategic question and the sub-questions that flow from it, the aim of this research project is, therefore, to understand and explore how: Strategy and LMD practices in the Oman private sector can be improved? To achieve the aim of this research project a detailed analysis of the private sector Omani company identified above will be undertaken to fulfil the objectives of the research project, which are: To investigate the level of strategy and LMD practices during the past 10 years in Bank Muscat. To scrutinize the efficacy of the LMD practices in the Omani private sector This research project having undertaken an extensive literature review ( Ambusaidi, 2014 ) on the subject of strategy and LMD has exposed glaring gaps in the understanding of these concepts and its applicability in the private sector in Oman. There is practically no worthwhile study that has been conducted thus far and the aim of this study is to somewhat fill a portion of that gap and encourage further research on the subject. With this aim in mind, this study will undertake a case study of a prominent private sector company in Oman and the case study will be in the form of an interview covering all aspects of strategy and LMD practices. The results of the interviews will be statistically analyzed to arrive at conclusions on the level of usage and efficacy of strategy and LMD practices. Ontological and epistemological considerations of the present study The term Ontology refers to a branch of philosophy concerned with articulating the nature and structure of the world (Wand and Weber, 2002). It specifies the form and nature of reality and what can be known about it. According to Walsham (2006) the positivist position maintains that scientific knowledge consists of facts while its ontology considers the reality as independent of social construction. Blaikie (1993) describes the root definition of ontology as the science or study of being and develops this description for the social sciences to encompass claims about what exists, what it looks like, what units make it up and how these units interact with each other. In short, ontology describes our view (whether claims or assumptions) on the nature of reality, and specifically, is this an objective reality that really exists, or only a subjective reality, created in our minds. Central to the questions of how to research strategy, level and LMD practices, efficacy in the private sector of Oman, and what specific areas of LMD to research, is the researcher’s perspective on why research is needed to explore and understand how strategy and LMD practices in the private sector of Oman can be improved. To realise the ontological aspects needed to accomplish the research, the study will use quotes and themes in the words of participants in interviews and case study and provides ontological evidence of different perspectives on the usage of strategy and LMD practices in the private sector in Oman. Ontology when applied to LMD considers leadership as a tripod—a leader or leaders, followers, and a common goal they want to achieve (Bennis, 2007). This is not a definition of leadership but something much more fundamental: It is an expression of commitment to the entities (leaders, followers, common goals) that are essential and indispensable to LMD and about which any theory of leadership must therefore speak. This ontological commitment means that talk of LMD necessarily involves talking about leaders and followers and their shared goals; likewise, the practice of LMD is essentially the practice of leaders and followers interacting around their shared goals. Given this reasoning, this paper suggests that the empirical study of LMD should be based on a process ontology, focused on LMD practices as constructed in interactions –— embedded in the cultural context of Oman where societal notions of ‘leadership’ are both taken for granted and under re-construction. To replace the tripods entities — leaders, followers, and their shared goals — Drath, et. al (2008) propose an ontology in which the essential entities are three leadership outcomes: (1) direction: widespread agreement in a collective on overall goals, aims, and mission; (2) alignment: the organisation and coordination of knowledge and work in a collective; and (3) commitment: the willingness of members of a collective to subsume their own interests and benefits within the collective interest and benefit. On a more profound level, Wood (2005) suggests that most practical notions of ‘ontology’ in LMD research represent a misplaced concreteness where the processual character of LMD is neglected in favour of definitions, delimited courses of action and static accounts. Wood instead argues that LMD studies should be guided by the process ontology of becoming as suggested by Chia (1995), suggesting symbiogenesis (i.e. the collective processes of symbiosis in the natural environment) as a starting point for inquiry on LMD using positivists view. Epistemology considers views about the most appropriate ways of enquiring into the nature of the world (Easterby-Smith et. al, 2008) and what is knowledge and what are the sources and limits of knowledge (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2008). Epistemology, concerns the study of the nature of knowledge, that is, how is it possible, if it is, for us to gain knowledge of the world? (Hughes and Sharrock, 1997). It is concerned with the nature, validity, and limits of inquiry (Rosenau, 1992). Much of the research that has been completed in organisational science has been based on the assumption that reality is objective and out there waiting to be discovered and that this knowledge can be identified and communicated to others. Chia (2004) describes epistemology as how and what it is possible to know and the need to reflect on methods and standards through which reliable and verifiable knowledge is produced. Many philosophers of epistemology hold nuanced positions that typically involve a blending of assumptions, beliefs, and preferred analytical techniques (Johnson et.al, 2004). Finally, in plain simple terms, epistemology is the philosophy of knowledge or how we come to know (Trochim, 2000). To appreciate the epistemological features of the research, the researcher intends to collaborate with the private sector Omani company identified above, spend time in field with the participants, and become an insider, so as to gain an implicit knowledge of the level of practice of strategy and LMD in the private sector in Oman. The inherent understanding of literature on LMD will decide whether the LMD programme is educating toward the acceptance of postmodern epistemology and its effect on understanding leadership or whether it is educating within a postmodern context with espoused leadership ideals. Many contemporary relational LMD theories employ a relational epistemology, where leaders are managers of networks and relational mechanisms, users of linguistic routines and/or resources, and facilitators of collaborative practices. They offer categories, frameworks, models, or social, cognitive, discursive and linguistic processes/practices drawn deductively or inductively from the data (Cunliffe and Eriksen, 2011). LMD also entails reorganisation of epistemology to make sense of new information; increasing ability to deal with complexity; adult development; triple loop learning (learning about the learner) (Volckmann, 2008). The emerging epistemology of LMD is one that ranges from the specific, mechanistic, narrowly instructional and interventionist to the contextual, empowering, organisationally coherent and transformational. The emerging epistemology will use some aspect of interpertivist which are similar to positivist The review of literature suggests three models of LMD (Bush and Glover, 2004): The scientific (managerial/technicist): results-focused with an emphasis on training to secure adherence to targets set within formal review frameworks and profession wide standards. The humanist (empowerment/persuasive): people-focused with an emphasis on strategically planned transformational interaction, non-threatening development activity and continuing reflective (individual and group) review. The pragmatic (rational/reactive): project-focused with an emphasis on the immediate needs for individual or group activity and with a tendency to draw on both scientific and humanist techniques according to the contemporary needs of the organisation. With these questions in mind, this research project will now move to the empirical part of this paper where it would attempt to present how, through the process of LMD, it may be possible to offer such insights in a manner that is both contextually sensitive whilst also fostering a sense of engagement with a wider process of change that is presently underway in the Sultanate of Oman. Critical realism is a philosophical approach which is used to describe an interface between the natural and social worlds. The interface provides an interaction that can be beneficial to both world since it offers a platform to correcting their mistakes. The interface can be achieved in economics, Marxism and international relations (Callinicos, 2006) The main aim of this interaction, in economics, is to provide explanations in terms of hidden generative structure. It suggests that mainstream economic relies on dedudivists methodology, embraces an uncritical enthusiasm for formalism and despite its failures, it believes in strong conditional prediction. The positivists view of realist exhausts in empirical structure in order to understand the ontology of economic regulaties (Lopez, J. 2001) Marxism differentiates between an intransitive reality, which may exists independently of human knowledge, and the socially produced world of science and empirical knowledge. Bhaskar’s influence is also acknowledged in the ontology in the philosophy of social science (Sayer,A., 1992) Critical realist philosophy has increasingly encouraged the influence of international realtions. The ontology is also credited to Bhaskar (1998). The private sector in Omani is affected by both politics and international realtions. Research Methodology Research Theory From the twentieth century onwards, empirical-analytical research became one of the constitutive elements of educational science. The aim of the empirical thrust was to enrich humanist pedagogics through experimental scientific research. Empirical knowledge is the established scientific facts, as well as the empirical laws formulated on their basis. Hence, this paper being an empirical research directly aims at exploring and understanding how strategy and LMD practices can be improved in the private sector in Oman and involves empirical, experimental data. Empirical knowledge represents an absolutely necessary stage of cognition, as far as all knowledge arises from experience. A proposition that has not been tested empirically cannot be known to be true. Likewise, a proposition incapable of to be true, i.e. credible, in relation empirical test can never be confirmed to be true (Stern, 2004). Quantitative research is also known as empirical research (Hinchey, 2008) but, Srivastava and Rego (2011) described empirical and quantitative as separate types of research approaches Strategy and LMD has been well received within various schools of thought because it has normative, representational and empirical power in both describing leadership as it is and as it should be. The quantitative research will require data to be collected through readings, evidences and even through observation, interviews and use of questionnaires. There has been little empirical research on the usage of strategy and LMD in the private sector in Oman and its underlying influence as a whole. In spite of significant leadership needs in the region, there is very little literature coming from Omani authors on the subject, and this absence is even more keenly felt when looking into the empirical literature. The purpose of this empirical review is to evaluate the conceptual frameworks developed with respect to strategy and LMD in the private sector in Oman. One large-size corporation like Muscat Security Market, can probably provide a sample large enough for most empirical research requirements. In this paper’s empirical analyses and hypothesis testing, the researcher will examine an exemplary set of relationships from the research model already discussed. Specifically, this research project will focus on those relationships where meta-analytic data already existed, if any, or there were insufficient primary studies for the researcher to conduct his own meta-analyses. Finally, evidence is presented in a narrative form, supported by evidence from the statements and behaviors recorded in field notes, diaries and interviews, a process supported by Janesick (2002). The presentation is justified because of the quantitative research used to collect data. Internal validity is established where several pieces of information from the same case point to a theoretical proposition (Stake, 1995) or empirical assertion (Janesick, 2002). Therefore, insights are validated with rich descriptions, direct quotes from participants, and practitioner review of the interpretation of data (Lacity&Hirschheim, 1993) in order to build an abundant description sought to be achieved under this empirical study. Research Methods Survey research is one of the most important areas of measurement in applied social research. Hussey and Hussey (1997) pointed out that a survey is a positivistic methodology whereby a sample of subjects is drawn from a population and studied to make inferences about the population. Having decided on a sample, it is necessary to decide on how to ask the survey questions. The broad area of survey research encompasses any measurement procedures that involve asking questions of respondents. Surveys are roughly divided into two broad areas: Questionnaires and Interviews. A questionnaire survey is cheaper and less time-consuming than conducting interviews and very large samples can easily be taken. Researchers such as Oppenheim (2000) pointed out that a questionnaire has the advantages of increasing the generalisation of data while at the same time giving the respondents freedom to express their points of view. In this case, both methods of data collection will be used as well as case studies. It might be time-consuming; it will provide accurate data for empirical analysis There are mainly three areas involved in writing a question in a questionnaire: Determining the question content, scope and purpose. Choosing the response format that the researcher will use for collecting information from the respondent. Figuring out how to word the question to get at the issue of interest Interviews are among the most challenging and rewarding forms of measurement. They require a personal sensitivity and adaptability as well as the ability to stay within the bounds of the designed protocol (Glesne&Peshkin, 1992). The following are some of the critical areas that need to be considered while conducting an interview: Describe the entire study. State who is sponsor of research. Explain the sampling logic and process. Explain interviewer bias. "Walk through" the interview process. A case study is an intensive study of a specific individual or specific context. There is no single way to conduct a case study, and a combination of methods (e.g., structured interviewing, direct observation) will be used in this research project. For clarity, a case study can be described as the investigation of a contemporary phenomenon within a real-life context (Yin, 2003), while in-depth case studies are often the vehicle for interpretive investigations, where research involves frequent visits to the field site over an extended period of time (Walsham, 2002). This research study will conduct surveys, case studies, interviews etc., and then collect, collate and synthesise data through quantitative and qualitative methods before generalisations are made. The research study will also describe in detail the context of the study, and conclude by presenting its findings. 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