Industrial Control System - Assignment Example

Industrial control System Name of the Student Name of the Institution 1. Continuous control a) The types of the physical environment in which PID control is used Kolb, (2004) mentioned one of the physical applications of PID is in screening solids for volatile organics. The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system have enormous dissimilar uniqueness in manage engineering from element and steel process (Morari & Zafiriou, 2009). 2. Data gathering hierarchy Some of the ways are founded on the characterizing the vibrant response of the machine to be managed with the initial order representation with time holdup (Astrom & Hagglund, 2006). Customarily, this replica is gotten by applying a step contribution for the plant and the measuring at the output three parameters. The first parameter is the solid condition gain, the time stable, and the time holdup (Astrom & Hagglund, 2006). Even though many of these tuning techniques work in practice, not much is known about the heftiness or solidity of these algorithms past what has been observed in the past empirical study. A relative control system is a type of linear response control scheme. Comparative control is how the majority drivers control the rapidity of a car in real life situation (Keel, & Bhattacharyya, 2007). Stipulation the car is at arm speed and the momentum increases considerably; the power is reduced a little or proportion to the error that is the definite verses the goal speed. So that the car reduces, speed slowly but surely and reaches the expected point with a very little if any exceed, so the result is a large amount smoother control than on –off control (Keel, & Bhattacharyya, 2007). In the proportional be in charge of the algorithm, the regulator output is equal to the error signal, which is the variation between the set point and the process changeable (Astrom & Hagglund, 2006). In different perspective, the output of a proportional controller is the duplication product of the error signal and the proportional again (Astrom & Hagglund, 2006). It is proportional; it is referred to as relative gain. The proportional terms represented by later P, is the counteractive action, which is comparative to the error, which is the change of the manipulated variable that is The P gain would make the outcome of the momentum controller to bring the car reverse to the set point of 70 mph hence the controller input of the car (Keel, & Bhattacharyya, 2007). The proportional derivative or PD control combines proportional control and the derivative control in parallel (Morari & Zafiriou, 2009). Derivative actions act on the derivatives or rate of change of the control error. This provides a fast response as opposed to the integral action that cannot accommodate constant error and measurements (Morari & Zafiriou, 2009). 3. PLC Programming Program 1 Write a Zelioladder diagram program that will sequence two outputs at 1-second intervals in the sequence Off| ON then ON|OFF then ON|ON then repeat. Zelio Logic Smart relays are usually designed for use in small-automated systems. The Zelio are used in both the industrial and commercial application (Keel, & Bhattacharyya, 2007). . Some Zelio controllers have an extension port that allows the additional of more modules and an example of such module is a 10 but Analogy module (Keel, & Bhattacharyya, 2007). In the output bar, there is two-option output provided. The first output is the discrete output while the second is the backlight for the zelio LCD display. The logic gate for this is as follows; Logic Gate Description of functionality AND Output Result is 1 if most inputs are 1, or else output is 0 OR Output Result is 1 if one or more inputs are 1 NAND Output Result is 0 if most inputs are 1, or else output is 1 NOR Output Result is 0 if only one or more inputs are 1 NOT Output Result is opposite of the input state XOR Output Result is 1 if one contribution is 1 and one input is 0 Program 2 The following ladder diagram program implements a simple Start/Stop station (1-bit memory) with interlocks on the start button and on the entire circuit It should be noted that implementing 1 bit memory cell is of great importance in control engineering (Astrom, & Hagglund, 2006). In a relay base logic, a latch is implemented using one of the relay's auxiliary contacts to maintain the latch output when the start button was being pressed. The ladder Diagram (LD) PLC language software use in implementing relay logic. Therefore, it is the same technology use in implementing a bit 1 memory that is similar in ladder logic to relay logic case (Astrom, & Hagglund, 2006). In FBD latch, the implemented circuit is shown below; (ii) How it works In the FBD program above the AND gate will only output a 1 if all interlocks (pre-conditions) are met & a 1 is output from the OR gate. The output from the AND then feeds back to latch the circuit. Program 3 (i) Implement program 2 above using a Sequential Function Chart program. In implementation, first define the process to be followed i.e. creating a product according to recipe including shook pallets, bread and Pizza (Kolb, 2004). First weighing out ingredients will be done first, followed by mixing ingredients, rolling and cutting to size and lastly cooking. Like in flow charts, SFC can also have loops, be reset to step 1 as required and have branches into multiple parallel paths. (ii) Describe how your program works Control elements like outputs must be well linked with the outputs associated with each SFC to accomplish actual control. SFC capabilities on larger Schneider controllers have the ability to nest too many levels, giving the ability to control extremely complex control environments (Kolb, 2004). 4. Programming the Arduino (i) Investigate both forms of coding The main programming language used for Arduino is the C/C++ programming language. When the Arduino is reset, initialization code does the following. First sets up the Arduino environment that is interrupt vectors, onboard ports, timers, counters among others. Secondly, it runs the C function setup once and lastly it continually calls the C function loop, which is quite similar to PLC scans (Keel & Bhattacharyya, 2007). The basic function of such interfacing sensor and controlling digital or analog I/O is quite straightforward and can be achieved using the sample code from the aurduino.cc or the freetronic websites (Keel & Bhattacharyya, 2007). In I/O ports, initial X86 memory and I/O space. Memory uses virtual addresses in this case while device accessed through ports. A haven is just an address similar to recollection and ports are of 0 X1000 is different with address of 0X1000 with different instructions (Kolb, 2004). The ports can be set with IOPL EFLAGS or at higher granularity through a bitmap in the task state segment. In the interrupt, the sequences of events are as follows, first, the main program is being executed and secondly, some request the interrupt by an external device. Thirdly, the interrupt is ignored until the current instruction has been completed (Kolb, 2004). Fourthly, the instruction pointer is saved in the stack, and the program status is saved. IP is then loaded with an interrupt service routine, ISR address. Then ISR is now executed, and interrupts are disabled to avoid re-entrancy. ISR saves the program context. From there, ISR resets the hardware that created interrupt that is EOI_REG, the ISR services the interrupt and restores the program context reloading CPU register and lastly the normal program is register (Keel & Bhattacharyya, 2007). (ii) Describe how each works (Your description should incorporate an analogy using a telephone or door bell) When an interrupt occurs, the following activities takes place, and they explained how it functioned. First, the CPU pushes the flags register onto the stack then it pushes a far return address onto the stack segment values first. The CPU then determines the cause of interrupt and fetches four-byte interrupt from address): The CPU then transfers control to the routine specified by the interrupt vector (Keel & Bhattacharyya, 2007). (i) Describe the benefits of one over the other The merits of supporting memory-mapped I/O to interrupt register is that it removes the need for particular I/O directives from the tutoring set and as a result also does not need the enforcement of the protection rules that prevent users programs from executing these I/O instructions. The demerits is that the resulting flexibility needs to be handle with protection, the recollection conversion units need to make certain that the memory addresses connected with the tool control record are not easy to get to by user programs in order to guarantee safeguard. Selection of controller a) Discussion of the scan as that concept applies to PLC’s Read all field inputs devices via the input interfaces, execute the user program stored in the application memory, then, based on the control scheme, which has been used in programming, turn the field output device on or off (Morari, & Zafiriou, 2009). This is a sequential process reading inputs, executing a program in memory and updating the output called scanning. The scanning phases are as shown below Reference Astrom, K., & Hagglund, T . (2006). PID Controllers: Theory, Design, and Tuning, Research Triangle Park: Instrument Society of America Keel, L. & Bhattacharyya, S. (2007). Robust, Fragile or Optimal? IEEE Tmnsactions on Automatic Contml, 42((8), 1098-1105 Morari, M., & Zafiriou, E. (2009). Robust Process Control, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Theorin, A. (2013). Adapting Grafchart for industrial automation. Licentiate Thesis ISRN LUTFD2/TFRT- -3260--SE, Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, Sweden Kolb, D. (2004). Experiential learning: experience as a source of learning and development. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Read More