Answering the Questions Concerning The Challenges and Facts and Other Essays by William Graham Summer - Assignment Example

Insert Historical Accounts Carnegie agrees on the facts that building a public is one betteridea than giving charity in the direction of the weak since giving charity to the poor is a waste of money. When one lives on handouts daily he/she will never have an idea of how hard it is to get money for food, clothing and shelter that are the necessities. He/she will never learn to use his brain nor the talent because of charity. Carnegie says the best means of benefiting the community is to place within their reach the ladders upon which the aspiring can rise. Which according to him includes; free libraries, amenities like parks and recreation facilities by which men are helped in body and mind. Works of art, sure to give pleasure and improve the public opinion; and public institutions of various kinds, which will improve the wellbeing of the people .in discouraging charity. He says the primary consideration should be to help those who help themselves: by providing a means by which people who desire to rise a stepping stone by which they may rise.The idea of building public institutions that may include schools, colleges, and medical centers will help people gain services like education and health. Education will at the end help one get ways to create wealth and to gain the rightful idea on proper administration of their hard earned money and general property. Building a ladder is much better than spoon-feeding an individual in a lifetime. Better use the resources we have (the brains) to create other resources for the coming generation (Carnegie) 2. Carnegie believes that “the man who dies thus rich dies disgraced?"This is to say that a rich man must ensure that the poor in his/her community are by all means uplifted to a level they can fend for themselves. If the rich man happens to die richer without achieving the target of improving the lifestyles of the fellow beings, he/she dies disgraced. It is only until one fulfills the aim he lives for to be happy even in death. All rich men must ensure their wealth is returned to the society in best ways possible. Because Carnegie believes in using ones wealth to benefit the community while still alive, by funding the creation of public utilities. He says that the rich who die leaving behind them millions of usable wealth to administer during his life such a person will not be honoured, wept nor sung even if they commission their wealth to do something good after their death. They must use their money and property to build public institutions that can benefit all people in the society rather than giving out the charity that can only last for few days and some may not help. The community will not have anything to celebrate when such a person dies in disgrace. 3. William Graham Sumner starts by describing how man is born under the necessity of sustaining his existence by struggling against nature. He says nature offers nothing for freely hence man can only win what nature has through effort. He puts more emphasis on labor as a necessity to man for his survival. He illustrates this using various examples such as wood is so plenty in nature that is to be used for fuel and constructing houses. However, labor is required to get it, also ores are numerous in the ground labor is needed to get the metal out and make tool or weapon. According to Professor Graham Summer, the “natural" roles of men and women in society are determined by nature. Nature is unbiased it is only those who work hard that get the good from nature. The men are an advantage than women, they are strong and can work in harsh conditions, unlike the women who are feeble and can only handle easy chores thus earning very little from nature. In the later society, both men and women perform equally despite nature; this is if a man has the same education as the woman they will both work in the same field. If the woman has the same tools the man has, she can handle the chores the man could have handled even more perfectly than the man (Keller). He, therefore, puts it clearly that women and children have special disabilities to struggle with nature as compared to men who are energetic. He says that disabilities grows greater and lasts longer as civilization advances. Sumner finally says that the man as the head of the family shall, by his energy, be able to supply not only his needs but those who are dependent on him. The only thing that still differentiates the roles of men and women is a condition of work, the skills each hold and power one needs to handle the job. 4. Summer explains that poverty and social inequality menace is real and fighting it means all the men and the women in the society must work hand in hand to overcome the scourge. Poverty is brought in by nature; women are entitled to give birth only and depend on men who are the sole breadwinners. However, when conditions of pressure and competition are renewed, misery and poverty reappear and the most affected are those who have inherited diseases and depraved appetite or have been brought up in vice and ignorance or they choose to be yielded to vice, extravagance, idleness, and imprudence. He then puts it clearly that any source of vice whether original or inherited is the correlative of misery and poverty that he explains as a result of liberty freedom to struggle and acquire wealth. According to him liberty does not do away with the struggle for existence. Overpopulation is also a good lead to poverty. This has to change for poverty to be eradicated. Men and women must fight it despite what ‘nature’ dictates. According to the article, poverty comes in when people idle around, ignorance and disease that render people useless with no ability to work. Social inequality is brought in by discrimination of women in the society, the women are not entitled to own property, they are not given chance to work as men do and more so they are not given chance to further their education. Each person in the society must get an opportunity to use his/her skills, the weapons and time to ensure prosperity in the society and this equality will ensure eradication of poverty (Keller). 5. The changes, which are regularly occurring in the relationship usually between the US and the other parts of the universe, are foreseen by Wilson as emerging from World War 1 is the rest of the world and the USA will be in peaceful coexistence after the World War 1 (Woodrow). President Woodrow Wilson rested on conviction that economic and political progress went hand in hand and that it was the job of the united states to promote both free markets and political democracy. If they won the world war 1, it would be a good chance to order peace and justice to the rest of the world. He advocated for the world that must be made safe for democracy, where peace must be planted upon political liberty. This is due to the quest of the United States to fight for the peace and justice as Wilson says. This peace and justice will lead to the creation of more markets throughout the world thus growth in the United States economy. 6. Wilson is in an acceptance mode when he agrees that autocratic governments are the source of war that the world is facing. President Wilson says that authoritarian governments are backed by organized force that is controlled entirely by their will, not the will of their citizens. Using Germany as an example, he said that their government entered into war without their previous knowledge. He said that autocratic government were impossible to establish where peace must be planted upon the tested foundation of political liberty. According to him, the authoritarian government led to war since it was oppressive in nature, and no one had faith in it. The people went to war to get it out of power. The democratic government is a government for the people; the people opinion is put into considerations thus it could not have directly led to war 7. According to the authorship of Mao, the principles guiding the national self-determination, became an occurrence within the US after being issued by President Wilson among other policies the policy was also put in place in Western Europe. The principle of national self-determination was applied to Eastern Europe where new nations were carved out of the remnant of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Poland, and Czechoslovakia the Arabs benefitted since they were allowed to be semi-independent. The principle was violated in Asia and Africa, Germany died, Turkey split. The desire of the Jews to restore their nation in Palestine will not succeed because its of no concern to the allied powers. Korea bewails the loss of its independence, and many of its people have died. Asian and African nationalists who had taken Wilsons rhetoric seriously were bitterly disappointed.Though the leaders of these countries were once best friends to President Wilson, who stated the policy, they turned the self-determination theory down in their jurisdiction. 8. Mao feels very sorry for President Wilson because he was not supported by his allies David Lloyd of England, George Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orland of Italy and Makino Nobuaki of Japan. He felt betrayed by his loyal friends. In the meeting held in Paris where President Wilson went to advocate for the fourteen principles. He could not defend it because he was surrounded by other Presidents who opposed the proposal for their ill motive. Mao calls them thieves, they were president Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio of Italy, Lloyd George of England, and Makino Nobuaki of Japan. As a result, he could not do anything except attend various meetings where he could not speak his mind. In the end, he had to agree that Germany should not be admitted to the League of Nations. A telegram that proved his defeat read in part “President Wilson has finally agreed with Clemenceau’s view that Germany not be admitted to the League of Nations” (Mao) this showed a point of no defense but agreement. His choice to disagree what his allies agreed upon could render him useless and isolated as the case of the policies that backfired on him. Thus, Mao feels sorry for Him because He feels President Wilson was under pressure. List of References: Albert G. Keller. The Challenges and Facts and Other Essays by William Graham Summer. Social Darwinism (1980): 17-27. Print. Read More