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The launching of the World Trade Organization (WTO) can be termed a successful endeavor due to its contribution essentially in terms of international trade dispute settlement. Since its establishment in January 1995, the organization has 144 members and the numbers are bound to rise due to increased lobbying by more nations in order to attain membership.
Australian law on arbitration is based on international conventions, legislation (both federal and state) and common law. The international Arbitration Act (1974) (IAA) contains provisions implementing the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958 (“New York Convention”) and the UNCITRAL Model law.
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The chapter provides an outline of the link between money laundering and terrorism financing, discussing the sources of such funding as well as focusing on the impact of such funding on the development of economies, especially developing economies. Thereafter, the chapter focuses on Financial Intelligence Unit or FIU, discussing the importance of FIUs and the steps to establish them.
Equity is a form of natural justice that has a moral basis. Equity can be implicit as a means which does not result in unfairness. These principles are established under the maxims of equity. The doctrine of equitable principle states that equity acts in personam on the sense of right and wrong of the defendant, which helps to consider as to whether or not a man has acted in good conscience.
During the last third of the nineteenth century, there were massive developments of trusts in America. Many people thought that this new development of trusts would stiffen the competition and this will result in the manipulation of prices. In response to this, many states enacted laws that could regulate this corporate behavior, especially in the West and Southern states.
The Human Rights Act 1998 was enacted in November 1998 by the parliament of the United Kingdom, the Act was effected in October 2000. This Act aims at reinforcing the UK laws on human rights found in the European Convention on Human Rights. Basically, this Act aims at ensuring that basic human rights are fully respected, protected and enforced by the legal systems in the UK.
There is much made of space available for use on the earth's surface and below the earth's surface. Use here comes in especially for housing in urban areas where people have moved from the rural areas and have flocked to urban centers. This constant movement has resulted in regrettable forms of urban sprawl which has led to increased access to adequate housing in the urban centers.
A practitioner is a medical practitioner who treats chronic and acute illnesses and provides health education and preventive care for both sexes and all ages (Fisher 2003, pp. 80). They possess specific skills and competencies for treating patients with multiple heal issues and complications (comorbidities).
Therefore there was a need to have a team of professionals that can organize rapidly and carry out proper search and rescue services in the affected areas. The UK international search and Rescue team is one of the teams that are members of the United Nation allowed to carry out search and rescue services. There are various organizations that contribute to the UK search and rescue team.
I know Kevin as a close friend, as well as one person, who can know another. He played a big role in helping me to get sober in 2002. We both attended an alcoholism meeting together. With respect to that, we shared our most sincere feeling. For ten years, we skied, hiked and traveled together, often with my family.
UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, as adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law as Amended in 2006. UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, as adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (1976), United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) (1980).
A contractual document can be defined as an agreement between two or even more parties and that legally binds the agreed terms between these parties. In most cases, contracts are made in such a way that they contain valid legal agreement terms thus rendering them as being enforceable by law or binding arbitration.
The arbitration is between John frost Limited, a livestock transporter and Honest Dealers Limited a company which is a company that deals with cattle buying and delivering to various parts of the world. Both parties are from two countries namely, Hong Kong and Melbourne, Australia. The arbitration is to take place in Melbourne on April 4, 2010.
The paper is an essay that critically discusses the role of public international law in relation to Darfur. Three major areas are put into the spotlight; these are the principles of public international law involved, whether there is a need to modify some of these involved principles and finally the nature of any modification of the said principles as well as the likelihood of the advantages and disadvantages of any modifications.
CLAIMANT John Frost Ltd Company is the proprietor of a 2, 000,000-hectare property, involved in the supply of cattle throughout the year and it is located at Millers Rd, Melbourne. Respondent Honest Dealers Ltd Company buys cattle for transportation to Indonesia. It is located at Nathan Rd, Hong Kong.
As requested the adequacy of the international and Australian definitions of piracy has been investigated. The inquiry was done to find out the adequacy of the current definition and if it needs any alterations. The investigation also includes the reasons for these changes and the way they can be made.
This memorandum of advice has been prepared for the Company Secretary and Board of Directors of Far Horizon Pty Ltd., who seek advice on the liability of Global Minerals Pty Ltd (‘Global’) with regard to circumstances under which the vessel ‘Mystic Spirit’ discharged a chemical described as Lavanax in its pure chemical form, subsequent to sustaining damage to a tank containing the chemical substance.
David Garland's thesis (2001) is a presentation of the history of penological advancements in the present United States and Britain in the late modern time. The thesis is a presentation of a composite argument about the emergency of a schizophrenic crime-control complex that according to Garland is the feature of the late modern form of punishment.
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The Palestinian-Israeli conflict is among the most long-standing and intractable of the modern era. The conflict began at the end of the nineteenth century as a struggle between two national movements, the Palestinian and the Zionist, over the same piece of land. The decisive point of the conflict was the year 1948 when the Zionist movement won the war and established the state of Israel.
The concept of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is an extremely broad one. This is because there are near-infinite categories of procedures that are within the category of ‘not a trial’. For instance, if a dispute crops up and is resolved away from the courtroom, the resolution is in a way ADR.
First, ‘Cujus est solium ejus est usque ad coelum et ad inferos’, which means that land extends indefinitely upwards to the zenith and indefinitely downwards to the centre of the earth. Over the past, there have been a number of scientific advancements, but even with the development of modern-day technology mankind has been unable to access the resources of the earth beyond the crust and mantle border.
Organized crime is a phrase that is used by the international community to describe the mobility of criminals across international borders and the existence of illegal markets or the international black market which is organized to mobilize goods and services across the world to different countries.
On 4 December 1986, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly proclaimed the UN Declaration on the Right to Development (Resolution 41/128), which stipulates that “The right to development is an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in."
It is quite essential to state that the precedent is rigidly attached to the hierarchy of courts, and the decision of a higher court is binding upon all the courts subordinate to it. Precedent is of importance to any legal system; however, in the UK common law, its effect is seen to the greatest extent.
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Gender inequality has always permeated society through shared social understanding, unwritten norms, and even the laws and statutes that govern countries. As a result, women, who are always on the receiving end of gender inequality, are at a disadvantage compared to men. This happens on both economic and development fronts.
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In every petroleum supply and demand shock that rocks the modern world, attention shifts to member countries that form OPEC. Through measurement of real global economic activity, it is easy to determine the impact that OPEC tends to exert on international trade whenever there are supply and demand concerns.
A young offender can be defined as a person who has been warned for a criminal offense. Younger offenders can be from any gender and they must have committed a certain criminal offense. Young offenders are dealt with by the criminal justice system in a totally different way from the way adults are dealt with, Muncie, (2008 pp 109).
The problem of crime, and how best it can be controlled, has been an issue of great concern to governments and societies since time immemorial. The challenge of controlling crime has led social scientists to venture into formulating theories and models with which to explain this phenomenon and by which to control this recurrent act.
Environmental criminology is defined as the “study of crime, criminality, and victimization as they relate to places, individuals, and organizations”. In studying environmental criminology, scholars have always relied on spatial factors or place-based influences to determine how crime patterns occur in different geographical locations.
The accord established a global standard for assessing the financial soundness of banks and required banks to maintain a minimum ratio of capital to risk assets because many banking experts believe that this accord could become the primary tool for strengthening the safety of international banking”.
It’s well known that insurers are the best risk-takers. In as much as most insurance firms work within some tabulated risks, it reaches a point where too much risk becomes questionable. With the developments by insurers to include medical and health matters in their wide list of insurable patterns, questions arise on what extent to risk.
According to studies on the financial crisis, there were inconsistencies in the corporate board’s responsibilities to provide strategic direction and oversight towards the operations of their companies. Further, the existence of remuneration structures that promoted risk-taking approaches among managers has been blamed for the crisis.
However, in most countries, the law applies to the directors as a personal liability rather than a corporate liability. Introduction Safety, Security, Health and Environmental Law (SSHE Law) is a body in the category of law that concerns regulating matters regarding health, security, safety, and ecological problems as well as risks (Tooma, 2008).
Terrorism has no definite description but a thing that is of common view from all the people is that there is a connotation of evil and brutality and violence in the act of terrorism. It is an act that is carried out by terrorist groups on legitimate governments and they seek to destroy the political systems of these governments.
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Investigation of processes and the presentation of forensic evidence in an adversarial system is carried out by independent and partisan parties. They later present the same to a “passive and neutral trial judge or jury”. In contrast, the mandate of uncovering the truth is vested in an official entity in an inquisitorial system.
The paper observes a major objective of the fire service. In order to accomplish this, fire and rescue services must integrate with and work closely with the community. The employees of the fire service must interact with the members of the community, and accept their suggestions and advice (West Sussex County Council, 2010).
Taxes are very important to the government as they form the major source of revenue for state funding and government expenditures. Taxes are not optional but they are compulsory obligations that the residents or citizens of a certain nation should pay to the government (Harvard Law School and Brudno, 1958).
The world has been engulfed in a global crisis and economies are looking for ways to come out of the downturn. This is creating a situation where the growth rates are depleting. The prime reason for it has been the recession which has engulfed the entire globe. The recent economic crisis has highlighted the importance of corporate governance.
Fire fighting is not the main role of the UK fire and rescue services. Out of the many calls made to the team, only a few of them concern fire fighting. Actually, most of their other duties include pumping out floodwaters, helping in the road, air, and railway crashes, and helping those trapped in buildings.
This research paper will examine the different ways in which communication can be used among workers to provide higher levels of safety and health. There will be an understanding of the current legislation that is expected within the workforce. There will also be an examination of how well managers and staff implement the expectations and requirements for health and safety.
The quality involves the reaction time the council takes to reach the scene of the fire, the skills, and the commitment employed in putting out the fires, and the kind of equipment available to fight the infernos. In many cases, the type and kind of equipment are very instrumental in effectively putting out fires. This is the proper use of the equipment that helps in putting out the fire.
Since the team offers its services to all people across the globe, it meets people of diverse cultures and thus the need to act ethically in homes, workplaces, communities as well as in nations. As the fire authority becomes part of the UK’s international search and rescue team, it is important to address how this would affect the services legally, ethically as well as globally.
In the recent past, Haiti was affected by an earthquake tragedy, and this called for global cooperation to rescue victims of the accidents and to help families affected. In this paper, an assessment has been done of the law in England and Wales concerning how the law operates internationally in the fire and rescue service industry.
Financing such public sectors in dealing with disasters is a big challenge. It calls for the concern of the international community to offer assistance in various forms including food, shelter, etc. Our brigade should understand the various legal, global as well as ethical considerations in offering their services in accordance with the Fire and Rescue Services Act of 2004.
The main point of reference with regard to fire and rescue services offered by the U.K. would be the Fire and Rescue Services Act of 2004. This paper will also cover the ethical consideration of the fire rescuing team as well as the immediate roles of the practitioners. Introduction Earthquake refers to the sudden release of energy on the earth's surface that creates seismic waves.
We, as a fire and rescue service agency, are considering putting in place our strategies and effort to deal with fire incidences and rescue operations both nationally and internationally. We would like to affect these services legally, ethically, and globally. Firstly, the law in England and Wales and how it operates internationally as it relates to the fire service will be explored.
The rescue teams and Fire service individuals, therefore, have a role of providing information, publicity, and encouragement in the event of an accident, fire, or another disaster such as flood, earthquakes among others. They provide information on important steps on how various individuals can prevent fires as well as other disasters.
The purpose of this report is to explore and highlight contemporary SAR and international disaster response strategies in order to provide a guideline for this organization in light of future international SAR operations. The report will examine how the Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 would apply, also how this law operates internationally as it applies to search and rescue teams.
English law only applies in England and Wales. Wales has a devolved assembly and any legislation passed through that assembly is to be enacted by use of policies defined in the government of Wales’s Act 2006 and through the parliament of the United Kingdom (U.K) or by the orders given by councils under the authority which was established in the 2006 act.
Globalization exerts immense on the financial condition and the business sector of the fire and rescue service. It generates markets based on industrial fabrication across the globe which in turn broadens the admission to a wide range of foreign services for use by the customers owing to marketing strategies used by different corporations.