Reshaping Social Movement Media for a New Millennium - Book Report/Review Example

Critical review of readings Atton, Chris. ‘Reshaping social movement media for a new millennium.’ Social Movement Studies, 2.1 (2003): 3-15. Print. Aton looks at Indymedia, which is the Internet network of Self-governing Media Centers. It was developed since the development of World Trade Organization. He describes network movement that goes against anti- capitalism. In this article, he looked at context from three perspectives. One, consideration of a modern social movement with the Internet use as a fundamental, socio- mechanical paradigm to confront the main, neoliberal and technically determinist replica of communication and interaction technologies. Two, Indymedia was taken as the most current demonstration of extreme use of the internet. Lastly, the utilization of Indymedia was assessed and evaluated using the theoretical instruments given by new alternative broadcasting scholarship. Therefore, he examined Indymedia in terms of its association, its cultures and its socio-politics. Brevini, Bernadetta & Murdock, Graham. Follow the Money: Wikileaks and the Political Economy of Disclosure. In Benedetta Brevini, Arne Hintz and Patrick McCurdy (Eds.), Beyond WikiLeaks: Implications for the Future of Communications, Journalism and Society. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2013. Print. Brevini and Murdock described historical growth in broadcasting and technology together with their internet and technological uptake. They compared the rise of modern journalism in these European countries in the past decade to the present day. Their account is based mostly on the tension between what they term the unifying and centering customs in modern-day journalism. This is the interest to provide readers with the truth that is acceptable to everyone and the fear to defy principal representations and instead give voice to the alternative opinions. They compared European nations with their political, social and historical legacy reveals the degree of political involvement, interference and control of the broadcasting services. They presented the case that states used these normative theories when manipulating media policies that bear real incentive and penalizations for deviant behavior. As a result Journalism was to remain subordinate to the interests of the states in preserving social stability and achieving political targets. The authors particularly points out that fund donation peaked immediately after the release of Collateral Damage footage in April 2010 and the release of published cables from inside the US state department in December 2010. Brevini, Benedetta & Schlosberg, Justin. Between philosophy and action: the story of the Media Reform Coalition. Strategies for Media Reform ICA Pre-Conference. 2013. Print. Brevini and Schlosberg looked at philosophy and action in relation to media reforms by providing a summary of media reform coalition, their challenges and their actions. Secondly, they provided a theorization and defined the main media policy within which he provide a theoretical framework for all media systems. They looked at the exertion of the media reforms beyond customary framings of broadcasting reforms by connecting to wider conflicts for social honesty and social addition. They criticized the media reforms in relation to political and economic structures. They also argue that approaches of engagement and conflict should not be understood as commonly exclusive in broadcasting reform activities or programs. These authors have had an active role in advocating in media reform coalition. Murdock, Graham & Golding, Peter. 'Culture, communications and political economy', in J. Curran and M. Gurevitch (eds), Mass Media and Society. 15.1 (2005): 60–83 Print. Murdock and Golding presented a critical economic breakdown of WikiLeaks’ undertakings and captures WikiLeak s’ sources of income. He contends that a critical analysis of WikiLeaks undertakings requires their different sources of income examined so that its operations are able to be sustained. The authors maintained that by monitoring the income flows going into WikiLeaks and its cost expenditures, the vulnerabilities in its project can be identified and rectified. The authors bring out the relationship between the fund donation WikiLeaks receive-WikiLeaks main source of income- and its release of politically sensitive material arguing that Wikileaks intervention and its release of classified materials directly affects the amount of fund donation they receive. Hallin, Daniel & Mancini Paolo. Comparing media systems. In their Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2004a. Print. Hallin and Mancini looked at the press as it is; they attempt to explain why the press serves different intentions and emerge in widely diverse systems, in different nations. For instance, they look at the press in Soviet Union and press system from countries. A good example is why the press system in Argentina so different from that of Britain. Much progress has been done for almost half a century to answer these questions concerning media procedures. The book tries to provide answers on some to the difficulties presented by Peterson, Siebert, and Schramm. They use comparative analysis as research ritual, which remains fundamentally in its initial stages. More focus is on the developed industrialist democracies of North America and Western Europe. They look at the major variation that developed in this region by looking at the role of politics and sociology in mass media. They also tried to explore ideas that contributed to these variations. Hallin, Daniel & Mancini, Paolo. Americanization, globalization, and secularization: Understanding the convergence of media systems and political communication. In F. Esser & B. Pfetsch (Eds.), Comparing Political Communication: Theories, Cases, and Challenges. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2004. Print. Hallin and Mancini explore the style toward international homogenization of broadcasting systems and the broadcast sphere, concentrating mainly on the associations between broadcasting and governmental organizations, and on the developed, capitalist republics of North America and Western Europe. In the article, they have organized their discussions on exactly how to describe this tendency around double pairs of conflicting perspectives. Most of the literature presented is based on homogenization in terms of globalization or Americanization, which influences the external to the state social and governmental systems where broadcasting systems were previously rooted. They provide other explanations that focus on change on the internal structures of the media system. They make an important distinction between media centric outlooks, which variations in broadcasting systems are self-directed developments that affect social and political and systems, and the media organizations that see political and social variations as causally previous to broadcasting system transformation. Therefore, they mainly look at globalization and Americanization in mass media systems. Pickard, Victor. ‘Social Democracy or Corporate Libertarianism? Conflicting Media Policy Narratives in the Wake of Market Failure.’ Communication Theory. (2013). Print. Pickard looked at how policy makers in America attempted to safeguard their media system. He examines conflicting descriptions within post war procedure debates which proposes that the US avoided this trail mainly because of a concentrated backlash usually in the system of red provoking stimulated by endangered broadcasting companies. He says that several lessons, correspondences, and overlooked antecedents for present American broadcasting policy can be taken from the previous wars in the 1940s. Therefore, it is useful to discover how these initial arguments were trapped, particularly in reaction to what could be signified to as promotion failure. Pickard felt that it was important to investigate the idea of market failure in broadcasting. Parthasarathi, Vibodh. ‘Deciphering Chindia: Two accents of media governance.’ Global Media and Communication. 6.3 (2010): 329-336. Print. Parthasarathi says that, until the last century, China and India had the biggest broadcasting systems. By the end of 2000, every country had made their media system internalized because of their economic rise and political development. The rapid transformation in these countries contributed to the different changes that occurred in the broadcasting systems. Popular description has been attributed to these transformations in these two countries. Major transformation in their broadcasting system emerged after microeconomic changes in 1999, in China and the year 2000 in India. These changes have been attributed to democratic transformation in the two countries, and development of media policies in both countries. For instance, China’s strict regulation and the Indian free regulation that affects the broadcasting systems. Benson, Rodney. "Normative Theories of Journalism." The Blackwell International Encyclopedia of Communication (Wolfgang Donsbach, ed.). 5.1 (2008): 2591-2597. Print. Rodney looked at normative theories concern essence of the broadcasting system in government. He investigates the place of the press within a good society. He presented normative theories in relation to political system of the government. Rodney argues that the journalist approaches fail to follow the normative theories of journalism. However, these concepts remain an essential element of professional teaching. Education centers and states apply normative theories when offering training programs to journalist. Other scholars have identified non democratic theories as authoritarian, social responsibility, Marxist-Leninist democratic participatory, democratic elite, postmodern and sphere. Authoritarian theory states that the media system obeys the interests of a given country. He also talks of libertarian theory that emphasizes on freedom among different individuals in the society. According to this theorist, the press should be a market place of ideas with the aim of promoting democracy, and the government can promote this freedom. The greatest recognized model of this was the legitimate modification of liberty of the media in the United States of America. Zhao, Yuezhi. Understanding China's media system in a world historical context. In Daniel Hallin & Paolo Mancini (Eds.), Comparing media systems beyond the Western world. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2012. Print. Zhao offers a broad concept on basics for media comparative investigation and politics internationally. He explores how the ideas and approaches of Hallin and Mancini’s analysis cannot prove valuable when used beyond the innovative focus of their media comparative systems approach focusing their approach in North American and West European. The article is intended for a wider variety of circumstances to question and explain the theoretical background of conducting a comparison within the broadcasting systems and to recommend new representations, concepts, and methods that are valuable for trading with media systems outside Western regions and with developments of political change. The article covers other areas like Thailand, Brazil, Israel, China, Lithuania, Lebanon, Russia, Poland, South Africa and Saudi Arabia. This article also looks at other democratic world including the Middle East governments. It based on research conducted by academic experts and the results are much of a critique of the work conducted by Hallin and Mancini. Works Cited Atton, Chris. ‘Reshaping social movement media for a new millennium.’ Social Movement Studies, 2. 1 (2003): 3-15. Print. Brevini, Bernadetta & Murdock, Graham. Follow the Money: Wikileaks and the Political Economy of Disclosure. In Benedetta Brevini, Arne Hintz and Patrick McCurdy (Eds.), Beyond WikiLeaks: Implications for the Future of Communications, Journalism and Society. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2013. Print. Brevini, Benedetta & Schlosberg, Justin. Between philosophy and action: the story of the Media Reform Coalition. Strategies for Media Reform ICA Pre-Conference. 2013. Print. Hallin, Daniel and Mancini Paolo. Comparing media systems. In their Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2004a. Print. Hallin, Daniel and Mancini Paolo. Americanization, globalization, and secularization: Understanding the convergence of media systems and political communication. In F. Esser & B. Pfetsch (Eds.), Comparing Political Communication: Theories, Cases, and Challenges. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2004. Print. Murdock, Graham and Peter Golding. 'Culture, communications and political economy', in J. Curran and M. Gurevitch (eds), Mass Media and Society. 15.1 (2005): 60–83 Print. Parthasarathi, Vibodh. ‘Deciphering Chindia: Two accents of media governance.’ Global Media and Communication. 6.3 (2010): 329-336. Print. Pickard, Victor. ‘Social Democracy or Corporate Libertarianism? Conflicting Media Policy Narratives in the Wake of Market Failure.’ Communication Theory. (2013). Print. Rodney Benson. "Normative Theories of Journalism." The Blackwell International Encyclopedia of Communication (Wolfgang Donsbach, ed.). 5.1 (2008): 2591-2597. Print. Zhao, Yuezhi. Understanding China's media system in a world historical context. In Daniel Hallin & Paolo Mancini (Eds.), Comparing media systems beyond the Western world. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2012. Print. Read More