History and Impact of Computing - Assignment Example

? History and impact of computing History and impact of computing Specific administrative documentation technologies that made the American, Japanese and British empires great 442nd Japanese Infantry Regiment The 442nd Japanese Infantry Regiment refers to the second generation of young Japanese rather Nisei unit that was formed to fight in southern France and in Italy. The unit was established in order to eliminate the probable confusion in the Pacific since young Japanese men were eager to revolt against the axis power that the army had generated in the Japanese-American units. To affirm their motto “Go for Broke,” the unit was known for its determination and bravery in the pacific wars. Its formation was intrigued by the demand for work force by the 100th battalion war department. Recruitment of the military personnel involved both Americans and Japanese volunteers. Though 2100 Japanese were recruited, they felt that the unit that was created was a strategy by the white military to protect themselves. In addition, their reluctance to join the army was because the elegance forms required the Japanese to denounce their nationality. In regards to this, most Japanese youth felt that it was an insult to their emperor (Black, 2001). The Caucasians held the official position in the regiments. The group participated in several wars such as the wars at Luciana, Belvedere, and Livorno. The casualty percentage of Japanese-American units was rated at 314 percent. Recognition for the lost lives of the volunteers was made through awards for their courage and bravery in the battlefields. Just like the African-Americans dedication in the Second World War, President Truman honored the Japanese-Americans for their devotion to wars in Italy and Southern France. The Armed Forces was desegregated in order to allow equality and fare enrolment. The success of the war was ascribed to role the Japanese Americans played. More importantly was the war against Japan where they acted as translators and interpreters. Their service in the Military Intelligence Service was manifested in their ability to capture Japanese secret communication thus making orders to Japanese officers and quick elucidations of their enemies’ military communication code. Their involvement was significantly felt at Saipan and Okinawa. They calmed down terrified civilians due to the terror threats that were propagated by their Japanese government. They also convinced some Japanese soldiers until they surrendered (Black, 2001). Despite the 442nd impeccable service that earned the rest of Japanese-soldiers respect, the West Coast perceptions of these soldiers were different from that accorded to the Americans soldiers. Though the 442nd regiment survivors had earned the country victory in the wars, they were reunited with their families who had been placed in isolation camps. Similarly, the Japanese war veterans were harshly treated in their homes. Their residents were constantly set a blaze or vandalized and most restaurants and local shops dined offering their services to them. Though some soldiers were disbanded from wars during Italy’s post-war occupation duty due to their Japanese ancestry, President Harry Truman honored their efforts by pinning the seventh Presidential Unit Citation on the 442nd unit’s color. The reactivation of 442nd regiment unit in Hawaii following its inactivation in Honolulu proved the unit as an organized reserve unit. The recent recognition of the Asian Pacific Americans veterans of the U.S Army Second World War was held on 21 day of June in 2000. The move was an effort towards correction of the racial prejudice that had characterized United States during WWII. In regards to this recognition, the 442nd Japanese infantry earned twenty-one medals. The American Navajo Code Talkers During World War II, which started from 1939 to1945, approximately 50,000 New Mexicans were involved in almost every assault the United States marine forces raged on areas such as Peleju, Tarawa, Iwo Jima, and Guadalcanal in the pacific. Apart from the wars against the Japanese, they fought alongside Americana against Italy and Germany (Black, 2001). Navajo Code Talkers, a group from Arizona and New Mexico played an important role during these invasions because they helped the Marine Corps in relaying messages by radio. The need for a military code was realized due to the supremacy of Japanese arms, equipment, and position. The American armed force military code was constantly broken by their enemies thus their disastrous results in the wars. The Navajos were the appropriate individuals who could design a military code for invasions and combat that the enemies could not break. Though the suggestion by Philip Johnston, a white man, to enlist Navajo into the marine to facilitate sending, receiving and translating quick messages over the radio was met with prejudice, it was later agreed. Johnston’s suggestion was because he was raised in the Navajo reservation, and that he understood the intricate tonal qualities and complex phrases of the Navajo language. Similarly, his acquaintance with the military search for undecipherable code in the World War I while at the Navajo reservation gave him an upper hand to propose enrollment of New Mexicans in the American Armed forces despite the racial discrimination that was dominant during these era. The U. S army used words developed in Navajo language to describe complex military operations and equipments. Logical association was the basis of Navajo word selection to define military terms such as “nihima” for America and “frog” for operations, “birds” for airplanes, “buzzards” for a bomber, “crow ” for a patrol plane and “a humming bird” for a fighter plane (Black, 2001). The U.S military prerequisite for an undecipherable communication code was achieved through the complexity of the unwritten language of Navajo. It was based on its tonal and syntax qualities. Similarly, incomprehensibility was achieved easily without extensive exposure and training of Navajo language due to its dialect. It had neither written symbols nor alphabets. The twenty-nine recruits who took part in the invention were ascribed to working on a special service and were expected to memorize several phrases and words that were often different from their native culture. As a result, the developed communication system was beyond the other Mexicans comprehension. Navajo code talkers’ achievement led the U.S military to embrace other nationalities as equals. This is exemplified by the success of the American armed forces in the second world wars against the Japanese, Italians, and Germans. The speedy messages transmission in Navajo saved many U.S marines. The value of the communication code was recognized many years after the end of WWII. Indecipherability of the Navajo code was exemplified by its use in other U.S wars such as 1950’s Korea war and the 1960’s Vietnam War. Moreover, it built the Americas armed forces trust in other races since Navajo communication code helped them in wars. Recognition was done by honoring the remaining members with congressional medals and museum exhibition. Thus, the course of war changed apart from the innumerable lives that were saved by code talkers (Black, 2001). The British administrative technologies The advent of technology played significant roles in the life and operation of the British Empire. The 15th and 16th centuries, European countries such as England and Spain pioneered exploration of the world, and in turn, they developed large international empires. England on its part established trade networks and colonies in Asia and America. The outbreak of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries left Britain the main colonial power in Asia and America. Advent of instruments of mass communication made it easy for Queen Elizabeth I to explore other continents, which in turn increased British dominance as world power. Britain had well equipped soldiers and contemporary ships (Black, 2001). The means of communication and transportation that Britain used implied that she could administer or govern great tracts of the globe with a minimum of workforce. In addition, Britons could experience serious health issues in different parts of the globe. The advances in the field of medicine in turn improved the administration of the empire, opening up new places to administrators and new personnel as medicine was established to guard them from tropical illnesses. History of Apple product line Apple Inc is a manufacturer of consumer electronic that is best known for its PDA that goes with the name of iPhone. The firm is a leader in its industry and has managed to garner a lot of success in the market. This has been achieved through leading innovation and through understanding customer needs even before the very customers are aware of these needs. As a result, the firm is always producing new technology products especially phones, entertainment electronics and computing electronics (Isaacson, 2011). A good example is their smart phone called iPhone that has come to be synonymous with smart phone. When the market thinks of a smart phone, they think of Apples iPhone. Apple is a successful company although in the past they have had troubles these troubles have since disappeared after the guiding genius of the late founder and CEO of many years, Steve Jobs. The firm is estimated to have the majority of the smart phone market with the main competitors being the Research in Motion of Canada, Samsung of North Korea and the upcoming Huawei of China. Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne and Steve Wozniak founded Apple Inc in 1976 with the aim of selling personal computers (Isaacson, 2011). In the early 1980s, Apple had developed with an enormous product line. In attempt to beat Microsoft and IBM, Apple Inc introduced Apple III in corporate computing market. Steve Jobs started working on a new product he called Apple Lisa but infighting with his friends made him forfeit the Apple Lisa project. However, he ventured into a new low cost computer product, Macintosh which became Apple’s most successful product. In 1989, Steve introduced Macintosh portable which was designed as a desktop with twelve hour battery life. In 1991, Apple introduced a new product they called the PowerBook and System7. These new products were successful in that they brought high revenues for Apple. From 1998-2005, Apple introduced the iMac, iPod and iPhone, products that featured new design and contemporary technology. From 2005 to 2007, Apple introduced the MacBook and redesigned the iMac to utilize intel core technology. The Mac Pro, MacBook Pro and MacBook replaced the iBook and the PowerBook. Steve Jobs retired and Tim Cook took over as the new manager. They introduced the iPhone 4 and iCloud in 2011, products that used fast graphics and intelligent software. In October 2012, Apple introduced its latest product, the iPhone 5, iPad Mini, and iPad with new features such as iOS6, large screen and powerful battery (Isaacson, 2011). Describe how the Big-Kids computing world managed to mediate between the various Computational roles that could not be reconciled in a more direct way The Big-Kids introduction of analogous development in computer design and engineering, helped in the establishment of task analytic and empirical techniques for assessing human-computer interaction, and progressed to the next stage where human operators could exert an enormous problem-solving discretion. Further, development in documentation advanced towards cognitive approach incorporating media, reading, and writing from traditional way of providing systematic technical explanations. The counterculture events of the 1960s The counterculture started in the 1960s. The war in Vietnam catalyzed the counterculture movement where the young generation questioned the ideologies of the older generation. The issue of counterculture movement was made worse by things such as the introduction of the birth control pill. The movement’s ideas were spread through music and movies. The message contained in the music aimed to protest again the war (Turner, 2006). In addition, during the 1960s, widespread anxiety spread in the US that looked to flow across age differences concerning the Vietnam War, the use of illegal drugs like LSD, race relations, women’s rights and the status quo. There was also different definition and interpretation of the American dream by most Americans. New culture such as pop music and hippie emerged which led to increased evolution of the youth subculture that emphasized experimentation and transformation. The counterculture movement was greatly influenced by musical groups, songwriters, and musicians. The counterculture events lead to rapid development of digital technology in attempt to disseminate fast, clear and concise message (Turner, 2006). References Black, E. (2001). IBM and the Holocaust: The strategic alliance between Nazi Germany and ? America's most powerful corporation. Boston: Prentice Hall. Isaacson, W. (2011). Steve Jobs. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. Turner, F. (2006). From counterculture to cyber-culture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the rise of digital Utopianism. New York: Kindle Books. Read More