Difference in Organizational Behaviour Depending on Gender - Research Paper Example

Name : xxxxxxxxxxx Institution : xxxxxxxxxxx Course : xxxxxxxxxxx Title : Organisational Behaviour Tutor : xxxxxxxxxxx @2010 Abstract Organizational behavior is a major factor that influences the performance of an organization. In the attempt to try and maintain a positive image for the organization, many firms fail in their endeavor .It is essential to analyze the various factors that influence the behavior of the workforce to be either positive or negative. Based on research aspects of individual behavior and perception, a comprehensive conclusion can be attained that aspects such as a person’s ethicality, individual’s perception of other people, difference between ones perception and the rest of the people and gender perspectives have got lot to do with influencing the behavior of the workforce. Introduction Organization behavior is a special aspect in Australia which has been used to focus on matters that correlates with material that mainly focuses on themes or topics, other than the researcher’s location. Organization behavior has been used by many firms to strengthen unnoticeable workforce who ensure links, opportunities, recognition, support and ideas are maintained in a firm. Most of organizations in Australia are trying as much as possible to maintain their good reputation worldwide. They are required to publish their accounts regularly as the prominent organization behavior in academic studies, journals to enhance positive image. Wrong activities carried out by an organization will always attract the attention of the media and of course academic literature. Negative behavioral consequences undertaken by employees within the organization, has immensely increased, thus promoting unethical activities. Poor organization behavior has a lot of impacts on when it comes to ethics and for the purpose of decision making process. Scope of the Report As a result, of increased unethical practices which have attracted most of the media attention over a number of years. A negative conclusion by the media about an organizations behavior has a lot of implications, both within the market place and an organizations image. A heightened consciousness of misconduct has generated unethical business performance and counter productivity in the work place. Many people tend to ask so many questions but of course with very few answers. For instance, why do most of the employees engage themselves in counterproductive activities in an organization? Poor organization behavior has a lot of impacts on when it comes to ethics and for the purpose of decision making process. The scope report explores two major issues, one of the key aspects is the predicting as quickly as possible the effects of counterproductive behavior on an organization, and the second aspect is predicting ideas of other moral behaviors. Counterproductive may be defined as facet of pay performance, it comprise any activities carried out by the employees in an organization which are contrary to the business operation activities. Researchers have come up with perceptual strategies, contextual variable effects when employees decide to engage into questionable activities. For instance, job characteristics, personality variable and environmental characteristics are thought to relate in one way or the other with counterproductive behavior in an organization. Unethical behavior in an organization may come as a result of an individual imaginations and morality. Ethics may be defined as rules, regulations or principle that tends to elaborate more between right and wrong conduct in an individual. Individual develops moral principles from their value base and attitude (Jackson 2001). Organization hypothesis The main aim of conducting this kind of research is to investigate the roles of EI in a person’s ethicality, individual’s perception of other people, difference between ones perception and the rest of the people. A hypothesis based on the above review was then proposed as follows: in the first hypothesis, an Individual exhibits an ethical behavior when he immediately begins to predict other people’s perception on ethnicity. As much as this people find themselves indulging in unethical activities, they also believe that other people are also doing the same. They do not accept the fact that they could be the only ones in an organization practicing unethical activities. Most of them tend to live a life of denial, in a manner that they believe any wrong activities done must have a base, or must be carried out with someone different but in the same organization as he or she is in. Method used for research The main method used to carry out the analysis the Survey criteria .Most of the surveyors tend to define organization structure and culture in different ways. They use both complex and multi phenomenon which are not clearly reviewed to the exterior observers (artefacts behavior), other observations may be less observable and are difficult to uncover some of these facts. The major organization culture for most businesses determines strategic behavior and enhances effectiveness of an organization culture. These values are especially used by most managers in making vital decisions for in an organization. Good organization culture and ethics helps the organization to operate its activities in a most appropriate manner. However, in order to examine these hypotheses, a survey was carried out for undergraduate students 198 was the approximate number used. In that total of 198, 45% were men while the remaining percentage was for the women. The main aim of the survey was to investigate their perception on other people ethics intelligence from their very own. The average age of the participant was initially 24 years old, however their ages ranged from 17-52 (Law 2004). Analytical review of the data countries % number for the participants. Caucasian 84% Africa-America 5% Hispanic 6% Alaska 10% Pluralistic ignorance may be defined as a social comparison where an individual mistakenly believes that the other party or individual practices unethical practices. Pluralistic ignorance focuses more on ethical behavior; it is mainly carried out to investigate individual perception of other people’s emotions. Implication of ethical intelligence Both business institutions and professional student are able to benefit from the outcome acquired from the research, which not only allows them to apply it on day to day activities, it also allow students to change their attitude towards their wrong ethical behavior in an organization. The research obtained through regression has enabled students to see momentous impacts of ethical behavior. It also enables an individual to build up a range of interview system in order to improve team work and within the organization. Organizational behavior allows the management to have a clear overview of both practical and theoretical understanding of the organization. After caring out the required research and all necessary information acquired there on, an individual is able to create a strong organization foundation, develop a wide range of question that are necessary for the operating organization ,building team work and of course understand each and every ones roles in an organization. Hypothesis/hypotheses In the second hypothesis; an individual believes and thinks that he is the most ethical individual as compared to his counterpart. They tend to believe more on their ethnicity than of the other individual’s in an organization. They tend to believe that, they hold a greater position in terms of ethnicity in the firm. EL (emotional intelligence), refers to emotional literacy, social, personal and emotional quotient. Those aspects have received more attention immediately it obtained popularity in a publication, in the year 1995. Since different authors have different definition of EL, there’s a broad term which may specifically used in defining EL. It may be defined as situate of both oral and non oral communication which has been widely used to generate ,express, understand, recognize ,evaluate and control their own emotions .However, ethical intelligence develops from other people perception. The last but not least hypothesis is about individuals who perceive other people’s ethnicity in a manner that there is existence of two people, that is low ethnic intelligence and high ethnic intelligence; low individual thinkers will always perceive other people activities to be unethical more than those with high ethical intelligence. Purpose This survey was carried out using the previous research by Jackson in the year 2001. The data was used covered on only a few people. It gives information on few individual, and ignored the views of the rest of the other individual. The outcomes of the results are based on the estimation made by the investigator. Survey is very important since it not only educates students on the repercussion of their unethical actions at the work place but it enhances good behavior in an organization. The Business faculty has been accused mostly for making unreasonable assumption especially on student’s activities. . Gender theory Gender identity theory closely examines relationship between gender and ethical understanding, it uses dichotomous key categorization. It proposes argues that gender occurrences are multi factorial made of instrumental gender attitude, biological sex and expressive psychological traits. Psychological trait refers to masculine and feminine aspects associated with both males and females. Traits may be defined as internal response which determines any transitional behavior of an individual; it establishes personal attributes of the individual, Measure the capacity at which a person possesses a feminine or a masculine trait. Gender attitude refers to an individual perspective about the appropriate roles for both men and women. Different roles of an individual vary as a result of traditional belief and egalitarian. Egalitarian emphasis is that, an individual role is not determined by biological factors. For instance the role of taking care of children is the role for both of them i.e. men and women. Traditional individual would argue that it is the women responsibilities to ensure a good welfare of her children, while men’s role was to protect both men and children from any sort of harm. The study of gender roles has turn out to be the major subject discussed by many researchers if not all. It suggest that both men and women daily activities are very different, together with their behaviors. Survey indicates that women are prone to effects of the emotions and are not likely to be so much competitive. Halbesleben (2004) argues that by knowing an individual biological sex does not guarantee someone will find their moral problems in the society. Since most of the surveyors use dichotomous key in order to find any leading suggestions of both men and women, it is not usually consistent. Before carrying out any activities it is important to understand the relationship between men and women biological sex. Limitation of using ethical intelligence Many surveyors used ethical behavior and independent variable to investigate ethical behavior among peers, ethical intelligence used by some researchers has got several limitations, it minimizes the potential of an individual since it more concerned with person misconduct. Ethical intelligence is likely to suffer from biasness since an individual suggestions is based on a person thought and behavior in an organization. The research is mostly concerned with defensive mechanism which its basis is likely to be a defensive bias. The variable tends to examine self reported on emotional intelligence and self thoughts towards an organization behavior. Most of the surveys were carried out in school, especially on post graduate students. Ethical behavior on peers was carried out using an important tool for measurement known as 12 items. Hypothesis concept Where gender is determined using the dichotomous key, there is no major difference between ethic perceptions for both men and women. The concept of masculinity and business ethics may be broadly discussed by testing and observing closely not only a person biological sex, but rather their gender trait and attitude. Edwards (1987) states that, different role in men and women is majorly caused by functional behaviors rather than on biological perception which argues that men are less ethical as compared to the women. These effects may distort an individual thinking capacity. For instance, social norms clearly defines both men and women responsibilities. Many ethical investigations show that female are more concerned with associations, more affected with bad behaviors and they tend to define each other by observing their relationship with different people. What sex are you (please circle the appropriate response. Male Female (EBP) Using the scale below, please indicate your perception/s of the statement by ticking the box that best represents your answer. No Item Very Infrequently Very Frequently 1 2 3 4 1 Students make personal calls at work. - 2 Students surf the web at work. - 3 Students take office supplies home. - 4 Students share music on the internet. 5 Students download term papers off the internet. - 6 Students give friends an extra discount at a store or free food at a cafe´/restaurant. - 7 Students sometimes help themselves to food if working at a fast food joint. - 8 Students do homework for friends. - 9 Students have used fake ID to purchase alcohol. - 10 Students have used fake ID to get into a bar. - 11 Students have cheated on an exam. - 12 In order to get ahead in life, students believe that one has to compromise on ethical standards. - (EBS) Using the scale below, please indicate your perception/s of the statement by ticking the box that best represents your answer. No Item Very Infrequently Very Frequently 1 2 3 4 1 I’d make personal calls at work. - 2 I’d surf the web at work. - 3 I’d take office supplies home. - 4 I’d share music on the internet. - 5 I download term papers off the internet. - 6 I’d give friends an extra discount at a store or free food at a cafe´/restaurant. - 7 I’d sometimes help themselves to food if working at a fast food joint. - 8 I’d do homework for friends. - 9 I’ve used fake ID to purchase alcohol. - 10 I’ve used fake ID to get into a bar. - 11 I’ve cheated on an exam. - 12 In order to get ahead in your future career, you will have to compromise on ethical standards. - (OS) Using the scale below, please indicate how familiar you are with each of the following: Not at all familiar Very familiar 1 2 3 How familiar are you with each of the following movies? 1 Turned to Gold - 2 Katherine’s Mistake - How familiar are you with each of the following products? 3 Microsoft Statistical Assistant - 4 New Life Spices - How familiar are you with the following albums? 5 Cosmic Being - 6 Offender After Dark - How familiar are you with each of the following TV programs? 7 The Adventure of Johnnie - 8 Chicago Heat - How familiar are you with each of the following designer labels? 9 Ocean City - 10 Jones, L.A. - (WLEIS) Using the scale below, please indicate how much you agree with the item by ticking the box that best represents your answer. No Item Totally disagree Totally agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 I have a good sense of why I have certain feelings most of the time. - 2 I have good understanding of my own emotions. - 3 I really understand what I feel. - 4 I always know whether or not I am happy. - 5 I always know my friends’ emotions from their behavior. - 6 I am a good observer of others’ emotions. - 7 I am sensitive to the feelings and emotions of others. - 8 I have good understanding of the emotions of people around me. - 9 I always set goals for myself and then try my best to achieve them. - 10 I always tell myself I am a competent person. - 11 I am a self-motivating person. - 12 I would always encourage myself to try my best. - 13 I am able to control my temper so that I can handle difficulties rationally. - 14 I am quite capable of controlling my own emotions. - 15 I can always calm down quickly when I am very angry. - 16 I have good control of my own emotions. - Conclusion Organizational behaviour differs depending aspects such as gender differences and individual behaviour, it is thus essential that the management of an organization should ensure that the workforce differences in behaviour are well evaluated and handled in order to facilitate effective running of the organization. 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