Health Promotion Planning Proposal on Cardiovascular Diseases - Term Paper Example

Health Promotion Planning Proposal on Cardiovascular Diseases Name Institutional Tutor Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..3 2.0 Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………….......4 3.0 Goals………………………………………………………………………………………8 4.0 Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………8 5.0 Target Group…………………………………………………………………………........9 6.0 Strategies…………………………………………………………………………………10 6.1Focusing on Individuals……………………………………………………………...10 6.2 Focusing on Groups………………………………………………………………….10 6.3 Focusing on Populations……………………………………………………………..11 6.4 Focusing on Settings…………………………………………………………………11 7.0 Health Belief Model……………………………………………………………………...12 8.0 Evaluation…………………………………………………………………………….......13 9.0 The Gantt chart…………………………………………………………………………...14 10.0 Sustainability and Capacity Building of the Health Promotion Program………………16 11.0 The Health Promotion Budget…………………………………………………………..17 12.0 References…………………………………………………………………………… 1.0 Introduction Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have continuously evolved into a global concern (Esselstyn, 2007). WHO (2015) defines CVDs as a combined collection of syndromes affecting the blood vessels as well as the heart. While, Thompson and Ski (2013), Lavigne and Karas, (2013) have defined CVD as a group of illness that involve the blood vessels or heart. Common cardiovascular diseases include stroke, hypertensive heart diseases, cardiomyopathy, endocarditis peripheral artery disease, congenital heart disease, and many other diseases (Thompson and Ski, 2013). Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been found to be leading cause of illness related deaths in the world (Lavigne and Karas, 2013). CVD diseases combined have result in 18.3 mission deaths in 2012 up from 12.4 million deaths in the 1990’s (Thompson and Ski, 2013). Death at the age between 20 to 40 years from cardiovascular disease have been on the rise in developing countries, while in develop countries deaths from cardiovascular diseases have been declining since 1979s (Lavigne and karas, 2013). Most CVD affect persons who are 65 years and above (Lavigne and Karas, 2013). In Australia 12 per cent of population between 20 years and 40 years have CVD, while 37 per cent of the people between 40 and 60 years, 70 per cent of the population between the ages of 60 years and 80 years , and 85 per cent of the population are 80 years and above have been found to have cardiovascular diseases (NICBI, 2015). Most of CVD related deaths especially from stroke and IHD in Australia have been seen to increase in people who are between 20-40 years (Lavigne and Karas, 2013). There are many risk factors that are associated with CVD: age, family history of CVD, tobacco use, physical inactivity, gender, excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, raised blood pressure, raised blood sugar, psychosocial factors, lower educational status and poverty, and air pollution (Lavigne and Karas, 2013). While personal contribution of each risk factor have been found to vary between different ethnic groups or communities but the contribution of these risk factors have been found to be consistent (Thompson and Ski, 2013). Some of these risk factors include family history, age, gender are immutable (Esselstyn, 2007). However cadiovasular diseases causes are modifiable by mainly lifestyle change, social change and drug treatment of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension (Esselstyn, 2007). This research study has the potential to affect people between the ages of 20-40 years in Australia stands to benefits from life style change, environmental change, and policy and population wide behavior changes (CDC, 2013). There more than 15.4 million of people with risk factors in the age bracket of 20-40 years (Depp and Jeste, 2010), could benefit from effective risk factor control and detection. In addition, thousands and thousands of patients in this age bracket of first major cardiovascular disease each year can gain from long term or acute case management and, potentially, from end of life care. 2.0 Problem Statement Indeed, CVDs are evolving into disorders of high concern due to the tremendous increase in the number of worldwide death cases ever reported. According to WHO (2015), more people die annually from CVDs compared to any other cause of death. The WHO reports indicated that an estimation of approximately17.5 million people died worldwide from CVDs in the year ending December 2012. These death cases represented 31 percent of all global deaths with an estimate of 7.4 million resulting from coronary heart disease as stroke accounted for 6.7 total deaths from CVDs. Initially, WHO (2007) reports noted that over three-quarters of the reported CVD deaths occurred in developing as well as the low- and middle-income countries. Moreover, among people who died at the age of seventy, due to non-communicable diseases, 82 percent who accounted for the total of 16 million deaths came from low and middle-income countries. Thirty seven per cent percent out of the total possible 82 percent that occurred in developing countries were as a result of CVDs. WHO (2015) ascertained that there are fundamental strategies that can continually be used to prevent the occurrence of most of the Cardiovascular Diseases. Mendis et al. (2011) asserts that the most important strategy to achieve the control, as well as the prevention, is by addressing behavioral risk factors that account for the occurrence of the CDVs. Such factors include physical inactivity, consumption of unhealthy and unbalanced diet lack of physical exercises, tobacco and cigarette smoking as well as harmful abuse of alcohol. For instance, people suffering from the cardiovascular disease as well as those at the high exposure of developing the disorders need early detection. Therefore, appropriate measures should be introduced at an early stage and appropriate management by the use of adequate cancelling mechanisms and medicines appropriate to their disorders. Some of the risk factors for developing the diseases hyperlipidemia, diabetes and hypertension conditions whose combination worsens the situation. The community needs adequate education and creation of awareness as well as sensitisation towards prevention, early detection, control, and treatment. Figure 1. The CVDs Death Rates by Gender from 1997 to 2007 Note: The ages indicated above were standardized in relation to the Population of Australia Recorded in 2001. Figure 2 below shows worldwide leading causes of death as estimated by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NICB) (2015) after conducting a detailed analysis of the major global causes of death from 2004 and their estimations to the year 2030. Of the major causes of death, it the research organization estimates that CDVs disease will prominently remain constant. It is evident that fundamental strategies of reversing these projections need to be implemented. Figure 2: Worldwide Leading Causes of Reported Death Cases Figure3: shows the trends in incident rates of different CVDs from 1997 to 2011. 3.0 Goal The primary goal for this research paper is to find ways in which cardiovascular diseases can be prevented or minimized among people between ages of 20 to 40 years. 4.0 Objectives 1. Establish the prevalence rate of Cardiovascular Diseases in Weston Creek area of Canberra in Australia among people of ages between 20 to 40 years. To establish the prevalence rate in terms of individual cardiovascular diseases To compare the prevalence rates between individual cardiovascular diseases 2. To provide along baseline information upon which future research or assessment of such cases may be based on other health related issues To create familiarity with regards to signs and symptoms of Cardiovascular Diseases To create an understanding amongst individuals on how to deal with CVDs cases 3. Build upon existing data on such cases by providing evidence based evaluation of the existing conditions on the ground To gather more information regarding the prevalence of CVDs in Weston Creek area of Canberra in Australia. To link the existing data with the current data relating to CVDs within the target area. To provide astute update on the prevalence of CVDs based on the target area 4. To reduce the proportion of people with CDVs in Weston Creek area of Canberra in Australia Reducing the proportion of young adults with individual cardiovascular diseases Reduce the proportion of children and adults with individual cardiovascular disease 5. Increase knowledge regarding recommended health behavior among young adults from 20 to 35 years by 50 per cent. 6. 5.0 Target Group Historical analysis of the prognosis of CVDs reveals that the disorders were common amongst elderly or the aging groups. It was rare for cardiovascular diseases to affect young people falling in the age bracket of 20-40 years (Depp and Jeste, 2010). This assertions and statistics provide the best reason for this program to focus on the youth falling between the ages of 20 to 35 years as its target group because these group has been widely affected by the change behavior lifestyle. Studies reveal that the group mentioned above are quite vulnerable due to the estimated lifestyle changes from childhood to adulthood marking the entry into the early, middle and late adolescence. Young adults primarily experience dietary changes, and they tend to feed on diet high cholesterol (Depp & Jeste, 2010). Additionally, it is common to find such group engaging in healthy risky behaviors including smoking of cigarette, tobacco use, and harmful alcohol brewing as well overall substance misuse. Regitz-Zagrosek, et al. (2011) noted a tremendous increase in the number of youth suffering from diabetic. He feared for the negative consequences associated with the disorders for having attacked the young people who depict the future generation. Therefore, it is important to save youth from suffering from cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, there is a noted increase of the effects among adolescents Weston Creek in Australia. The health promotion program will, therefore, take place in Weston Creek, a residential district in Canberra, Australia. According to cannberratimes.com, a modern and news medium Weston Creek was revealed by the Heart Foundation to bear the Canberra’s highest prevalence rates of CVDs (Curtin University, 2015). The Heart Foundation noted that there was nearly a third of residents were suffering from the disorders (Curtin University, 2015). 6.1. Strategies It is imperative to use the best strategies to ensure that the health promotion activity achieves its intended goals. After adequate planning by the utilization of the PRECEDED and PROCEED planning tools (Thompson and Ski, 2013). For instance, the implementation of the program will target the whole population by ensuring coverage to all areas as stipulated in the Gant chart. The program will include multi-level strategies that involves individuals, group, and population settings. 6.2. Focusing on Individuals Different volunteers will be selected to assist in the process of identifying several individuals at risk of developing CVDs. Volunteers will work to ensure that the program meets targeted goals. There will be the encouragement of those affected to seek medical attention from health workers such as doctors and nurses by visiting schools. Community Health Workers have the capability to mount the best level of one-to-one communication with the clients as they visit the community regularly. 6.3. Focusing on Groups Vincent (2010) reveals that groups are more cost effective health promotion techniques. A small groups of five to eight people and assemble them at designated places such as worship and administrative places. Heath workers such as nurses and epidemiologists will regularly visit the places to share information. Additionally, groups will assist different youth to maintain health-related behavior while quitting from the negative practices such as alcohol brewing. There will be training programs to get more skilled attendants who will in turn form a group of Trainers of Trainers. The program will give the active participation of the target audience the chief priority. 6.4. Focusing on populations The advantage of targeting the overall population of Weston Creek in Australia is that the technique will enable the program facilitators to use a variety of methods. Social marketing has several advantages of increasing the awareness on CVDs, to illustrate skills and reinforcement of healthy attitudes and behavior (World Health Organization, 2015). Additionally, the use of social marketing will increase the demand for health services and influence attitude to create support for collective as well as an individual action (World Health Organization, 2015). The program will, therefore, be aired on the reliable news channels and avail advertisement techniques to inform the whole public on the approach take. Using social marketing will result in success. In Weston Creek, there are different populations of people that need to be addressed. The health promotion program on CVDs will, therefore, target several numbers of residents. Such communities will include those vulnerable to developing the disorders, those who are suffering from the disease as well as those who engage in risky behaviors such as smoking and alcohol brewing. 6.4. Focusing on Settings The program will also target to address settings such as workplaces and schools to effectively target young people. It is easier to locate youths ranging from ages 20 to 35 years within tertiary levels of learning. Institutions such as training colleges, public and private universities provide adequate reach to sufficient numbers of students (Rice& Atkin, 2013. Such students display the highest level of peer influence as depicted in the Health Belief Model explained below. Research shows that workplaces are one of the most potent forces that affect lifestyle (World Health Organization, 2015). It provides the best target audience as you can find a good number of employees falling within the age limit focused at the same time. 7.0 Health Belief Model The Health Belief Model or HBM is one of the early theories of health behavior. It was developed in the 1950s. The model assists in predicting an individual reaction to, different health promotion programs by seeking for health care of health services such as screening (Laverack, 2007). The HBM Model also elaborates on the process that occurs when someone addicted to a given behavior wants to change it. The whole framework relies on the expectancy value of a given behavior. The expectancy value model asserts that individuals take precautionary action if they are in suspicion of exposure to a given disease. The model contains a range of fundamental concepts. Such concepts include the perception that an individual may have toward a exposure, the adverse or severity of the risky condition and that the exposure requires his/her attention. Additionally, the individual must be acquainted with the benefits and the barriers involved in taking the preventive measures as well as the cues that accompany the response taken. Moreover, the person must belief in him/herself that he/she can achieve the recommended health behavior (Laverack, 2007). Since the primary goal of the HBM is to teach new information about health risks and the ways that minimize those risks, it is regarded as a risk learning model (Talbot, & Verrinder, 2010). Overall, the HBM assumes that knowledge brings synergistic changes. For instance, the production of knowledge is always qualitative and targets specific audience. The primary messages produced typically focuses on appropriate channels (Laverack, 2007). Additionally, we have different fundamental factors that play an integral role in modifying a person belief. Such factors include demographic variables such as age, gender race and ethnicity. The program will improve the adolescent’s perception towards the need for family as vital contributors of behavior improvement. Moreover, structural variables, socio-psychological variables are additional factors that the program will target to address in order to improve the perceptions of the targeted audience. 8.0. Evaluation Metz (2007) acknowledges program evaluation as a vital tool used to measure whether the program is meeting its designed goals and objectives. There are different types of evaluation. Such types include, formative, process, impact and outcome evaluation. Formative evaluation occurs at the initial stages to test the efficacy of program strategies as well as data collection instruments. It assists in understanding whether the goals are realistic and can be met. The health promotion program will achieve formative evaluation by conducting the needs assessment, carrying out a literature review, communicating to stakeholders and consulting the health experts. Program managers will assess the immediate outcome of the program through impact evaluation after measuring the achievement and alignment of the set strategies for proper implementation through process evaluation. Lastly, they will conduct the outcome evaluation to ascertain whether the long-term effect of the program has a significant influence on the Weston Creek, Australia community. The program managers will effectively employ the four types of evaluation to ascertain whether the set objectives are met. 9.0. The Gantt chart The chart below describes the typical events that will take place during the program starting from the month of June 2015 to the month of May 2016 marking a lifespan of 12 months project delivery. Activity June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar May Jun Consultation - Village staff, GP's, Dieticians Preparation of materials Pre-Test questionnaires and materials Collecting and Assembling Information to be used during Pretesting and analysis. Develop materials & incorporate changes Volunteer recruitment - for letter drop Developing a draft to be used as a media schedule. Expanding the draft. Start advertising at the village - letter drop, etc Program Launch: during Seniors Week Form Eating Age Committee Program Continuation - twice-monthly activities Volunteer training for evaluation techniques Mid program Assessment and Evaluation Completing the Program Evaluation – questionnaires As well as interviews. Analyzing the data gathered Writing and developing the final Report 10.0. Sustainabilityand Capacity Building of the Health Promotion Program Health promotion programs may be discontinued after the withdrawal of the external support. It is important to focus on how the program will remain sustainable even after the withdrawal of the sponsor. Sustainability has a close relationship with the issues of capacity building as well as social capital. Strengthening of social capital will occur through consolidation of social networks as well as support structures for people between 20 years and 40 years. Establishing permanent friendship among the trainees, volunteers, and the entire community members will be essential in the program continuity (Laverack, 2007). Volunteers will assist and help educate the new members who may migrate into the society. Active participation, as well as civic involvement in programs such as education, will get chief priority before setting up a disease surveillance and reporting center. The program will also establish a single meeting site that will encourage frequent meeting of people to discuss several issues affecting them. Capacity building will be addressed through the establishment of strong evidence-based leadership and promoting the partnership of the program deliveries with another sector to necessitate continuous support (Laverack, 2007). 11.0 The Health Promotion Budget The table below describes the budget estimates that will be required to ensure that the health promotion program conducted is a success and meets its primary goal as well as the stipulated objectives. ITEM QUANTITY COST PERSONNEL 1 Full-time Project Coordinator Including on-costs. $52, 500 EDUCATION & TRAINING GP workshops Practice staff workshops Seminar for health professionals Practice nurse workshops 4 @ $450 2 @ $ 600 1 @ $1,000 2 @ $550 $ 900 $1,200 $1,000 $1,100 PROJECT RESOURCES Referral resource Design and printing of cards x 500 Production of CD Roms x 50 ‘Guide on Depression in the Elderly’ leaflet Design and printing of leaflet x 10,000 Invitation to Health professionals Seminar Design and printing of invitation x 500 Additional pamphlets. Design and printing of posters x 200 Video Editing and production of video x 100 600 @ $1 per card 50 @ $5 per CD 10,000 @ 35 cents per leaflet 500 @ 50 cents per invitation $2,000 200 @ $3 per poster 100 @ $500 $ 600 $500 $250 $3,500 $250 $2,000 $2,000 $600 $5, 000 PROMOTION Advertising 10 weeks of press advertising in 3 local papers 6 weeks of radio advertising on 3 local stations Media relations a) Launching of the Program. There shall be diverse costs such as paying for the venue, machinery hired, as well as provision of meals. The costs are approximated to cater for 50 to 60 attendants. b). On-going media campaign Bulk promotional rates may be available $ 3, 000 $4000 $ 3, 000 $4000 CDVs AWARENESS WEEK Displays Coordination of volunteers Skits in Community Centers 10 volunteers @ $30 each 10 volunteers @ 55 each $300 550 VOLUNTEER NETWORK Most of the costs will be incurred by sponsor. $6,000 $6,000 EVALUATION Formative, process, impact and outcome evaluations Approx. 10% of total costs $9,635 MANAGEMENT Getting the office where volunteers and health experts shall be reporting on daily basis Stationery Mailing, telephone and fax Travel Documentation of Program Audit costs Offered by the Funding Organization 4, 500 5,500 400 700 Offered by the Agency 4, 500 5,500 400 700 TOTAL $105,985 References Braunwald, E., & Bonow, R. (2012). Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. Lavigne, P.M and Karas, R.H (2013). "The current state of niacin in cardiovascular disease prevention: a systematic review and meta-regression.". Journal of the American College of Cardiology 61 (4): 440–6 CDC. (2013). Diabetes Public Health Resource: Number (in Millions) of People with Diabetes Aged 35 Years or Older with Self-Reported Heart Disease or Stroke, United States, 1997–2011. Retrieved From:http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/cvd/fig1.htm. Curtin University (2015). Introduction to Evaluation: Quick Recap: Where are we now? Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology Depp, C. A., & Jeste, D. V. (2010). Successful Cognitive and Emotional Aging. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub. Esselstyn, C. B. (2007). Prevent and reverse heart disease: The revolutionary, scientifically proven, nutrition-based cure. New York: Avery. Thompson, D. R and Ski, C. F. (2013). "Psychosocial interventions in cardiovascular disease – what are they?". European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 20 (6): 916–917. Laverack, G. (2007). Health promotion practice: Building empowered communities. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Mendis, S., Puska, P., Norrving, B., World Health Organization, World Heart Federation. & World Stroke Organization. (2011). Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control. Geneva: World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization. Metz, A. J. R., 2007, Why Conduct A Program Evaluation? Five Reasons Why Evaluation Can Help an Out-Of-School Time Program Part 1 in a Series on Practical Evaluation Methods. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NICBI). (2015). Promoting Cardiovascular Health in the Developing World: A Critical Challenge to Achieve Global Health. Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases. Retrieved From. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45688/ Regitz-Zagrosek, V. et al. (2011). ESC Guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy The Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Heart Journal, 32(24), Pp.3147-3197. Rice, R. E., & Atkin, C. K. (2013). Public Communication Campaigns. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE. Sparapani, E. F. (2013). Differentiated instruction: Content Area Applications and other Considerations for Teaching in Grades 5-12 in the Twenty-first Century. Talbot, L., & Verrinder, G. (2010). Promoting Health: The Primary Health Care Approach. Chatswood, N.S.W: Elsevier. Vincent, C. (2010). Patient Safety. New York: John Wiley & Sons. World Health Organization. (2007). Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Guidelines for Assessment and Management of Cardiovascular Risk. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization. (2015). Definition of Cardiovascular Diseases. Geneva, Regional Office in Europe. Retrieved From:http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/cardiovascular-diseases/cardiovascular-diseases2/definition-of-cardiovascular-diseases. Read More