Over-Nutrition, Obesity and Inflammation - Research Proposal Example

Author’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Course Details: Due Date: Over-nutrition, Obesity and inflammation Abstract Obesity is turns to be a major challenge in the world and more so in Australia as a country. The prevalence rate of this disorder is considered to be very high in Australia and studies show that if that continues then 70 percent of the entire population, i.e. adults and children, will be overweight or obese. A number of studies indicate that obesity is a disorder which majorly depends on the lifestyle of people but in a few cases it is hereditary, i.e. carried in the genes. There is need to highlight these problems and subsequently address them if obesity is to be eradicated, and this article simply does that. The study applies a qualitative case study approach to highlight and address the issues related to the research topic, i.e. Over-nutrition, Obesity and inflammation. This is a topic which is considered to be dimensional and the selected research method is able to sufficiently address the required facets. All the results that have been established within the article are documented and thus evidence based. The article involves is an open discussion and the research topic is extensively looked into from a wider perspective. Open in this context does not imply the discussion of irrelevant data but those related to the research topic. Some of the major issues discussed include obesity, how obesity affects inflammation, what insulin resistance involves and subsequently the interventions to eradication of obesity. Interventions discussed include the surgical and the non-surgical approaches. Also discussed include the complications related to obesity and the intervention to controlling them. Methods This research paper sufficiently applies the qualitative case study approach as the main research methodology. This is a technique that attempted to illuminate light on the research topic, Over-nutrition, Obesity and inflammation, in an appropriate way. It subsequently enables the participant to understand the related implications of the research topic. This approach has the quality and the capacity to unearth persistent issues in regard to the research question. The use of qualitative research strategy was implemented for this study due to its characteristic of using words, stories, interpretations and observations to explain the condition. This research paper is intended to apply qualitative research because of its flexibility of use and also its ability to allow the researcher to express her ideas and thoughts in the within context of the research (Ahima 2) Dannenberg et al., 12).(Garg etal., 14)(Gillman et al., 4)(Lipshultz et al., 4)(Litwack et al. 4)(Mahmood et al., 2).(Mamula et al., 2)(Rossen et al., 4)(Stern & Alexandra Kazaks 6) Types and Sources of Information or Data It was possible to collect data from different sources for different reasons. Based on the content of the information, the data collected was used for a number of resolutions; it was necessary to have the knowledge of where to derive the data that proved to be important for the study. Some of the significant sources of information that were found to be beneficial for the study included: a) Publications on Over-nutrition, Obesity and inflammation b) Archival Records. c) Databases of various medical institution. d) Federal and State Databases. e) Reports of studies in the same field f) Other internet sources. (Garg etal., 14). Results There exists a number of available approaches to weight loss, however many are considered to be less or non-effective and not structured for the long term basis. This is specifically for those who are categorized as being morbidly obese. Less than 5 percent of the morbidly obese are successful in shedding off a considerable weight quantity and sustaining loss of weight through non-surgical approaches. Such programs include a blend of exercises, behavior modification therapy, and dieting (Gillman et al., 4). The study established that activation of the immune system and chronic inflammation, which is low grade are in the pathogenesis of type two diabetes as well as insulin resistance related to obesity. Risk factors to the development of diabetes type 2 in addition to its macrovascular disorders are considered to be systemic inflammatory markers (Litwack et al. 4) Insulin resistance in has been established to be a common event in individuals who are obese. The metabolic alterations that emerge as a result of excess weight inhibit cells in the muscles and the liver from utilizing glucose, regardless of the regular levels of insulin in the body. Insulin is a chemical composition within the body that assist in burning or metabolizing glucose (Lipshultz et al., 4). Discussion Inflammation as a link between type two diabetes obesity, and metabolic syndrome The study established that activation of the immune system and chronic inflammation, which is low grade are in the pathogenesis of type two diabetes as well as insulin resistance related to obesity. Risk factors to the development of diabetes type 2 in addition to its macrovascular disorders are considered to be systemic inflammatory markers. The pancreas, muscle, liver and adipose tissue turns to be inflammation sites when obesity occurs. Macrophages infiltration as well as other immune cells are viewed in such tissues related to a shift in the cell population to a pro-inflammatory from an anti-inflammatory profile. Such cells are vital for the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines that play a role in the paracrine and autocrine manner to prompt dysfunction of β-cell dysfunction and consequent deficiency of insulin. It also inhibit signaling of insulin within the peripheral tissues. Specifically, the pro-inflammatory interleukin-1β is involved in the type two diabetes pathogenesis. This is accomplished by the activation of the inflammasome NLRP3. A number of studies have been carried out in the recent past, with the main objective being to expose recent data backing up the function of the immune system in diabetes type 2 and insulin resistance pathogenesis. Anti-inflammatory remedies would have a role in preventing and treating type 2 diabetes suppose it was an inflammatory disorder. This is a way of showing that type two diabetes is not apparently an inflammatory disease (Mahmood et al., 2). Obesity in rising swiftly in Australia compared to any other country in the globe as it is considered the most obese country globally. The percentage of prevalence in 2014 had risen to more than double when compared to two decades ago. A considerable number of the Australian population, that is 63 percent, is considered to be obese or overweight. Particularly, more than 5 million individuals are overweight as they have a body mass index (BMI) of 30kg/m2 or even more. Studies have forecasted that by 2025 almost 70% of Australian population will be obese or overweight if the current rate is to continue (Mamula et al., 2). Risks of obesity Obesity and overweight are linked with various health disorders such as metabolic syndrome (MsX) –that is categorized as a blend of low HDL cholesterol and high blood sugar, type two diabetes, high blood pressure as well as coronary heart disease. A series of institutional researches have exhibited that obesity is responsible for the activation of inflammatory growth in sites that are metabolically active, for instance the liver, white adipose tissue and immune cells, thus for this reason, higher pro-inflammatory cytokinesis circulating levels (Rossen et al., 4). Chronic inflammation and obesity Chronic inflammation that is low grade is found to occur in obesity and overweigh as in recent times research groups have been able to expose various intercellular conduits associated with such conditions. Additionally, various researchers have validated this by conducting studies in both human and mice with positive results being realized as it was established that food assumption induce inflammatory reactions. For this reason overeating is considered to be the major inflammation signal and the origins pass way in tissues participating in metabolic processes, such as adipose tissue, muscle and liver that in reaction to this induce activates inflammatory response (Stern & Alexandra Kazaks 6). Metabolic syndrome and obesity Various risk factors imply that chronic inflammation of low grade possess a considerable relation with metabolic syndrome as well as insulin resistance. There exists various causes of metabolic syndrome, however researches concentrate on insulin resistance as the basic issue as obese or overweight individuals tend to develop a resistance to insulin. The distinction of the MsX syndrome is through the occurrence of three or even more of the following conditions: hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, obesity, low HDL cholesterol and hypertension (Stern & Alexandra Kazaks 6) Treatment of obesity Individuals who are able to lose weight without the surgical approach, specifically when they operate with health care professionals, who are certified, establish a secure and effective program to weight loss. A number health insurance firms do not cover surgical weight loss procedures, and exceptions only made when a dedicated effort is initially made to shed off weight though approaches which are non-surgical (Stern & Alexandra Kazaks 6) Various individuals are involved in a mix of the therapies indicated below: Dietary Modification A significant proportion of the world population, and in specific the Australian population are always trapped in a cycle of weight loss and gain — "yo-yo" dieting —and this has the capacity to bring about grave health hazards by applying much stress on the kidney, the heart and other organs. A series of documented studies indicate that approximately 90 percent of individuals who participate in all dieting programs recuperate the weight they have shed off in two years. For individuals who undergone surgery to lose weight, diet programs happens to be an influential segment of weight loss after the surgical procedure. If one makes a decision to participate in a diet, it is recommended that he/she work with a healthcare expert who has the capacity to tailor the diet to match the needs. Diets ought to significantly restrict calorie intake as much as it is to maintain nutrition. (Stern & Alexandra Kazaks 6) Exercise Working out significantly increases ones chances of losing weight in the longterm. It iturns to be a major element for any weight management programs focused on the long term, specifically the weight-loss surgical procedure (Stern & Alexandra Kazaks 6) Modification of behavior The objective of this therapy –behaviour modification therapy- is to alter ones exercise as well as eating habits so as to endorse weight loss. Examples comprises of: • Establishing a sustenance network, which includes co-workers, friends and family, or linking with a support group, which has the capacity to assist one in focusing on their objectives. • Recompensing particular practices, for instance work outs for extended durations or taking in a small quantity of a specific type of food. • Embracing genuine beliefs in regard to body image and weight loss. • Recognition of high risk circumstances and subsequently avoiding such. • Setting achievable goals in regard to weight loss. This should be done for both short term considerations as well as long term considerations. (Rossen et al., 4). Surgery A large percentage of the individuals considered to morbidly obese and who subsequently have not been successful in non-surgical weight loss programs, go for surgical approach to weight loss. This approach is commonly referred to as the bariatric surgery. It involves fastening or closing off a considerable segment of the stomach so as to reduce the food quantity one can take in. Studies show that this technique can be an effective way for morbidly obese individuals to shed off pounds and subsequently maintain the loss. For one to qualify for the surgical procedure to weight loss psychological and medical pre-evaluation process must be completed (Stern & Alexandra Kazaks 6) Medication There exist various prescriptions as well as over-the-counter drugs to assist in weight loss. Explorations show that these drugs help many individuals in curbing their appetites. Further research on obesity indicate that individuals on drug therapy shed off about 10 % of their excess pounds, and subsequently weight loss plateaus after approximately 7 to 9 months. Medications are documented as a significant part of the treatment process for the morbid obesity however drugs dedicated for the weight loss can bring about dire side impacts. It is always recommended that one consult health care professionals (certified) who have the capacity to prescribe suitable medications. Obesity drugs ratified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) comprise of: • Beta-methyl-phenylethylamine (Fastin) • Orlistat (Xenical) • Phentermine • Sibutramine (Meridia) Conclusion Obesity is found to be a major world problem and its prevalence rate in Australia is becoming even shocking. There is need for the international health bodies such as the World Health Organization to direct more effort to ensure prevention and treatment of obesity. Obesity is a risk factor of various chronic disorders such as diabetes, coronary heart infection and many other chronic diseases thus should not be lightly taken. It is however important to note that remedies of obesity include surgery, medication, exercise, behaviour modification therapy and dietary modification. Work Cited 1. Ahima, Rexford S. Metabolic Basis of Obesity. New York: Springer, 2011. Print. 2. Dannenberg, Andrew J, and Nathan A. Berger. Obesity, Inflammation and Cancer. New York, NY: Springer, 2013. Internet resource. 3. Garg, Manohar L, and Lisa G. Wood. Nutrition & Physical Activity in Inflammatory Diseases. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CAB International, 2013. Print. 4. Gillman, Matthew W, and Lucilla Poston. Maternal Obesity. Cambridge, [UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Internet resource. 5. Lipshultz, Steven E, Sarah E. Messiah, and Tracie L. Miller. Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive Clinical Review and Related Health Issues. London: Springer, 2012. Internet resource. 6. Litwack, Gerald. Obesity. London: Academic Press, 2013. Internet resource. 7. Mahmood, Tahir, and Sabaratnam Arulkumaran. Obesity: A Ticking Time Bomb for Reproductive Health. , 2013. Internet resource. 8. Mamula, Petar, Jonathan E. Markowitz, and Robert N. Baldassano. Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. New York: Springer, 2013. Internet resource. 9. Rossen, Lauren M, and Eric A. Rossen. Obesity 101. New York: Springer Pub. Co, 2012. Print. 10. Stern, Judith S, and Alexandra Kazaks. Obesity: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2009. Print. Read More