Importance of ABO Blood Group System - Case Study Example

By Your Name Unit/Subject Name and Code Instructor’s Name Institution’s Name Abstract Every human has blood that is responsible for the carrying of air with their body. The ABO histo-group system remains as the most significant in humans where the chemical structures that define its various phenotypes remain unsolved. However it is the most important blood group system in transfusion transplant immunology and medicine. Medics and doctors use this system in making and carrying out medics procedures involving blood transfusion and exchange. The main aim of this paper it to provide a clear insight of the ABO blood group system as an important method that is used by clinicians world wide in grouping blood in four different categories. It will cover the discovery of the ABO blood group system, antigens and antibodies, genetics and biochemistry and testing. The paper will be comprehensive in giving the investigations on the ABO blood group system. Introduction The ABO Blood group classification is the sequence of antigens expressing comparable serological and physiological transfusion, paternity testing and organs transplant. ABO blood group classification of all human blood and some primates is mainly based on the hereditary characteristics of red blood cells also referred to as erythrocytes distinctiveness and hereditary as per a definite model (Norton 2004). They are indentified by existence or nonexistence of A and B antigens that are passed on the shell of the red blood cells. The precise grouping of the four components identifies a person’s type of blood in most cases. This paper will help gain insight on chemical basis of ABO blood group system by the use of dominating structures and the enhancement of trace antigen that are caused by a loss of normal competition (Duk et al. 2007 ). Discovery and significance In 1900 Karl Landsteiner an Austrian scientist was is recognized in the world for the invention of the ABO blood system in 1900. Landsteiner had initially categorized the blood type O as C; in some many parts of Europe the blood type is commonly refereed as O zero to indicate the non existence of A and B antigen. Connectively, in 1902 two scientist Adriano Sturli and Alfred Von Decastello came up with the fourth type AB (Turgeon 2014). The ABO grouping has helped medics in many fields that previously were proving to be cumbersome in practicing them (Ogasawara 200. Blood group detection is vital especially in blood transfusion. The human red blood cells are surrounded by antigens that are protein in nature; the proteins sat hand in the plasma bind to the antigen on the shell of the erythrocytes. The red blood cells antigen is further divided into a few subgroups where the ABO groups and the Rh blood (Daniels 2005). Antigens and antibodies These forms the central of ABO system, antigens are said to be glycolipid in character, which implies that they are oligosaccharides that are attached directly to the lipids on the red cell crust. Antigens tend to stick out from red cell membrane where there are large numbers per red blood cells which are approximately 800,000. The antigens vary among individuals with immunological lenience only towards what happens in their bodies. Consequently, humans express isoantbodies against isoantigens that are ordinary components found in the bodies of the similar blood type. Isoantibodies may also be there in opposition to the A and B antigens in persons who lack the same antigens in their blood. The ABO antigens are fairly well advanced at delivery hence, the ABO-HDN is not strict as other types of hemolytic illness of a newborn (Turgeon 2014). On the other hand, ABO antibodies are expected antibodies that arise in absence of red cells exposure of that antigen. Antibodies react in saline therefore readily agglutinate owing to the site of the antigen and the IgM antibodies. Antibodies’ most favorable temperatures is below 30 0 C but they can their reaction take set at body temperature. Connectively, they are naturally occurring where they are regularly available in high titer of about 1/128 or 1/256. The Rh and ABO groups in transfusion table System Recipient type Donor plasma type Donor red cell type ABO A A or AB A* or O ABO 0 O, A,B,or AB O only ABO B B or AB B or O ABO AB AB A*, AB*, B or O Rh Positive Positive or negative Positive or negative Rh Positive Negative or positive Negative or positive Genetics and biochemistry ABO antigen are lethal sugars that can be found at sugar chains oligosaccharides, the A and B antigen are the final sugar that are added to the chain while O antigen is the lack of A and B antigen. Since blood is hereditary from mutual parents, alternatively, the ABO blood kind is mainly influenced by a lone gene indentified by three types of alleles from classical genetics namely I, IA, and IB. the known IA allele results to type A, IB results type B, while I gives rise t type O. Parents with blood type A and blood type B can have a child with AB type connectively, a pair with A and B blood antigens can also give birth to a type O baby. Human ABO genes are located in chromosomes; these replacements establish the particulars of glycosyltransferases (Daniels 2002). A transferase influencing the totaling of GalNAc deposit and the type B allele encodes B transferase influencing the calculation of Gal deposit, correspondingly, in aα 13 relation on fatal Gal of the H antigen (Cho 2004.) ABO subgroups groups and blood transfusion discrepancies The A blood type has more than 20 divisions, however, the A1 and A2 are the most universal making a ninety percent, A1 takes about eighty prevent of the group. The A1 and A2 are identical on matters of transfusion is concerned though some difficulties may arise when typing the blood (O'Donnell 2001). After the advance of DNA sequencing is achievable to indentify a superior figure of alleles at the ABO locus each that can be grouped as A, B OR O in terms of their reactions to transfusion (Sally 2005). Blood with red blood cells type A antigen serum may contain antibodies against the type B red blood cells. During blood transfusion if type B blood is introduced into a person with A type blood, then the red blood cells in the receiving person will tend to be shattered by anti- A antibodies in type B blood. Alternatively, type O blood can be introduced into a person who have type A,B or O blood except there is inappropriateness as per some other blood group system are noted (Reid 2004). Nevertheless, Persons with type the AB blood also can be given type A, B or O blood ABO discrepancies exist when the results of red cell test do not agree with serum tests, the condition is mainly caused by unexpected negative or unexpected positive results in forward or back typing. Connectively, they may also arise from intrinsic problems with either red cells or serum or errors committed during test performance. The B subgroups are classified as per the quantity of B antigen which minimizes in the organize of B, Bm, B, Bx, and Bel. Connectively, the O subgroup that demonstrates the absence of A and B antigen on the RBC surface in forward blood typing. Nevertheless in reverse blood typing it indicates the existence of both anti-A and –B in the plasma (Seltsam 2003). Testing techniques Blood ABO typing is a technique that is used to tell what detailed type of blood one has. The blood type depends on whether there antigens in the persons blood cells which is influenced by the parents. After blood is fetched from a vein, the needle is removed and gauze is applied. The blood taster is then assorted with different antibodies with type Band A blood and then the trial is testing to establish the blood cells join jointly where if agglutination is detected then the blood reacted with one of the introduced antibody (Seltsam 2003). After the first step the bloods it taken for back typing. Where the serum is combined with blood known as type A and type B, alternatively, persons having type A blood antibodies and those with type B blood have anti A antibodies. Blood type O haves both type of antibodies that can precisely decide the blood type. The Rh factor in blood is also conducted where if one s found to have the Rh in their bloods then they are considered to be Rh+ (Reid & Lomas 2004). Conclusion ABO groping remains the majority significant examination in blood banking system and medicinal laboratory that is mainly performed for together transfusion blood donor’s recipients. Its discovery was an end to the assumption that all blood was the identical thereby making doctors to understand the disastrous aftermath of any conducted blood transfusion. A individual ABO blood type is now applied by lawyers in parenthood suits, anthropologist in study of different populations and by police force in forensic science. However, the ABO blood group antigens remains a mystery since there are people who do not belong to the four identified types of blood types but they remain perfectly healthy study needs to be conducted on the said area to establish more on the ABO blood group (EL-zawahri 2008). References Cho, D 2004, The serological and genetic basis of the Cis-AB blood group in Korea, Vox Sang, (1) pp 23-54 Daniels, G 2002, Human Blood Groups, Second ed., Blackwell Science. Daniels, G 2005, The molecular genetics of blood group polymorphism, Transpl Immunol, (14) pp 143-53 Duk, M. & Singh, S 2007, Structures of unique globoside elongation products present in erythrocytes with a rare NOR phenotype, Glycobiology (12) pp. 24-34. EL-zawahri, M., Luqmani, A 2008, Molecular genotyping and frequencies of A1, and Oalleles of the ABO blood group system in a Kuwaiti population, International Journal of Hematology, (1) pp 42-73. Lee, Y., Park, J., Kim, Y., Yang, I., Shin, K 2000, Rapid direct PCR for ABO blood typing, J Forensic Sci, (1) pp 56-59. O'Donnell, J., Laffan, A 2001, The relationship between ABO histo-blood group, factor VIII and von Willebrand factor, Transfus Med. (5) pp. 12-16 Ogasawara, K., Yabe, R., Uchikawa, M., Nakata, K., Watanabe, J., Takahashi, Y 2001, Recombination and gene conversion-like events may contribute to ABO gene diversity causing various phenotypes. Immunegenetics, (53) pp 190-199 Norton, W 2004, Blood and Guts: A Short History of Medicine. University College, London Reid, E. & Lomas, C 2004, The Blood Group Antigen Facts Book, 2nd Ed, New York, Elsevier Academic Press. Sally, V. R 2005, Textbook of Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine Elsevier Health Sciences Seltsam, A., Hallensleben, M., Kollmann, A., & Blasczyk, R 2003, The nature of diversity and diversification at the ABO locus, Blood, (102) pp 3035-3042 Turgeon, M 2014, Linne & Ringsrud's Clinical Laboratory Science: The Basics and Routine Techniques, Elsevier Health Sciences Read More