The Effects of Various Substances on the Rate of Sodium, Potassium & Urine Excretion - Lab Report Example

EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES ON THE RATE OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM & URINE EXCRETION IN THE HUMAN Abstract Furosemide is a diuretic drug, which is given to people in order to lower their blood pressure and lowering the volume. Furosemide stimulates the kidney so that it can reabsorb less water, by doing so it increases the urine output. The drug is examined and then compared between alcohol and a control experiment to monitor and observe the effects of Furosemide on a normal human. In this experiment, the levels of excretion of Sodium, urine and potassium would be observed. The results are measured and recorded to find out the statistical significance. It is expected that the drug will cause a huge diuretic effect and be different from the other used samples. The main reason behind this is that Furosemide is a very strong diuretic. In this experiement, volunteers from three various student groups participated in one of the sample groups. They provided the required urine sample that is needed for collection of data. The collected data was assembled, illustrated, and calculated to get the expected results. It is expected that the statistical results will indicate that there was an increase in urine out from the samples of alcohol and juice groups but not in potassium and sodium. The furosemide samples should record a definite increase in urine output in both samples of sodium and potassium groups and the other two samples groups of alcohol and juice. The reduction of potassium and sodium output in the experiment proved that most potassium and sodium was reabsorbed in the blood before the filtered fluid in the body became urine and ultimately eliminated from the body as urine. Introduction Diuretics are forms of drugs, which increase urine production in order to create hypotensive effect. Fuosemide operates in a manner that it blocks the absorption of potassium and sodium from the filtered fluid, causing an increase in urine output (dieresis). The main objective of this experiment was to determine the diuretic effects of furosemide against a control group and another group that was under the influence of alcohol. The effects were later observed through potassium and sodium excreted by the human volunteer. The action mechanism depletes sodium from the blood plasma leading to the hypotensive effect. A reduction in the amount of blood plasma leads to a reduction of peripheral workload and cardiac output. Materials and Method The experiment was carried out at the University of Brighton among the different pharmacy group students. The experiment required that no pregnant student or any student under contraceptive drugs would participate in this experiment. Students that are diagnosed with any kidney disorder or taking medication that controls their blood pressure must also not participate in this experiment. A total of thirty student volunteers were given equipment that they would collect urine and they emptied their bladders. The rest of the students in the group acted as chemists and some recorded the data that would test and urine samples during the procedure. The student volunteers were given one liter of orange juice and a tabled to consume after the first thirty minutes. To eliminate bias, ten students across the group were given either a placebo tablet or orange juice, or orange juice with alcohol, or furosemide tablet and a placebo tablet. Students’ volunteers that were not taking alcohol were given orange juice with furosemide tablet or a placebo tablet. Urine samples from the volunteers were collected and recorded after every thirty minutes. For a total two hours. Each volunteer produced five samples and each sample was diluted by 1000 factor. The chemist would then utilize pre-adjusted flame photometers that they used to analyze the diluted samples of the urine for both potassium and sodium levels. The raw potassium and sodium data were divided by the 1000 dilution factor and then multiplied by the amount of urine that was collected at that given period of time. The calculations yielded the expected potassium and sodium each sample. We performed a statistical analysis of the urine levels and the potassium and sodium output levels to find out the significance in the data. We performed a paired t-test for each sample group. The sample groups in the experiment were furosemide, alcohol, and juice. The data collected compared various values from samples that were taken at 30 minutes and 150 minutes to determine any significance changes from the beginning of the experiment to the end. We performed an unpaired-test on the sample groups to find out any level of significance of the samples groups by the end of the experiment. Results ORANGE JUICE *Na or K (in mM /1000 x urine vol (in mL/30mins) =Na or K (in mmol/30mins)                                 Subject code Urine vol Cumulative vol   Na+ Conc Na+ Output   K+ Conc K+ Output   at 30 min at 30 min   at 30 min at 30 min   at 30 min at 30 min   (mL) (mL)   (mM) (mmol)   (mM) (mmol) 2 CLUBS [A] 16 16   120 1.92   53 0.85 J SPADES [A] 15 15   88 1.32   89 1.34 10 SPADES [A] 28 28   75 2.10   72 2.02 J SPADES [B] 95 95   62 5.89   13 1.24 10 SPADES [B] 8 8   274 2.19   78 0.62 8 DIAMONDS [B] 70 70   109 7.63   90 6.30 J SPADES [C] 20 20   142 2.84   51 1.02 2 CLUBS [D] 32 32   9 0.29   43 1.38 J SPADES [D] 17 17   121 2.06   40 0.68 10 SPADES [D] 6 6   44 0.26   24 0.14                   Mean 30.70 30.70   104.40 2.65   55.30 1.56 Std Dev 29.02 29.02   71.80 2.35   26.48 1.74 N 10 10   10 10   10 10                   Subject code Urine vol Cumulative vol   Na+ Conc Na+ Output   K+ Conc K+ Output   at 60 min at 60 min   at 60 min at 60 min   at 60 min at 60 min   (mL) (mL)   (mM) (mmol)   (mM) (mmol) 2 CLUBS [A] 45 61   88 3.96   26 1.17 J SPADES [A] 49 64   58 2.84   43 2.11 10 SPADES [A] 26 54   77 2.002   61 1.59 J SPADES [B] 185 280   24 4.44   6 1.11 10 SPADES [B] 10 18   350 3.5   59 0.59 8 DIAMONDS [B] 155 225   70 10.85   56 8.68 J SPADES [C] 24 44   193 4.632   58 1.39 2 CLUBS [D] 52 84   7 0.364   30 1.56 J SPADES [D] 70 87   81 5.67   25 1.75 10 SPADES [D] 122 128   82 10.004   40 4.88                   Mean 73.80 104.50   103.00 4.83   40.40 2.48 Std Dev 59.68 84.21   99.73 3.31   18.46 2.47 N 10 10   10 10   10 10                   Subject code Urine vol Cumulative vol   Na+ Conc Na+ Output   K+ Conc K+ Output   at 90 min at 90 min   at 90 min at 90 min   at 90 min at 90 min   (mL) (mL)   (mM) (mmol)   (mM) (mmol) 2 CLUBS [A] 260 321   14 3.64   8 2.08 J SPADES [A] 310 374   11 3.41   11 3.41 10 SPADES [A] 43 97   70 3.01   45 1.94 J SPADES [B] 275 555   12 3.30   7 1.93 10 SPADES [B] 14 32   239 3.35   44 0.62 8 DIAMONDS [B] 345 570   9 3.11   14 4.83 J SPADES [C] 160 204   21 3.36   7 1.12 2 CLUBS [D] 260 344   2 0.52   5 1.30 J SPADES [D] 53 140   23 1.22   5 0.27 10 SPADES [D] 300 428   19 5.70   15 4.50                   Mean 202.00 306.50   42.00 3.06   16.10 2.20 Std Dev 123.99 185.47   71.69 1.39   15.36 1.57 N 10 10   10 10   10 10                   Subject code Urine vol Cumulative vol   Na+ Conc Na+ Output   K+ Conc K+ Output   at 120 min at 120 min   at 120 min at 120 min   at 120 min at 120 min   (mL) (mL)   (mM) (mmol)   (mM) (mmol) 2 CLUBS [A] 305 626   10 3.05   5 1.53 J SPADES [A] 326 700   6 1.96   11 3.59 10 SPADES [A] 86 183   36 3.10   32 2.75 J SPADES [B] 275 830   28 7.70   16 4.40 10 SPADES [B] 28 60   196 5.49   30 0.84 8 DIAMONDS [B] 360 930   30 10.80   16 5.76 J SPADES [C] 250 454   25 6.25   12 3.00 2 CLUBS [D] 300 644   1 0.30   9 2.70 J SPADES [D] 300 440   15 4.50   7 2.10 10 SPADES [D] 350 778   18 6.30   13 4.55                   Mean 258.00 564.50   36.50 4.94   15.10 3.12 Std Dev 111.59 280.06   57.14 3.04   9.10 1.49 N 10 10   10 10   10 10                   Subject code Urine vol Cumulative vol   Na+ Conc Na+ Output   K+ Conc K+ Output   at 150 min at 150 min   at 150 min at 150 min   at 150 min at 150 min   (mL) (mL)   (mM) (mmol)   (mM) (mmol) 2 CLUBS [A] 265 891   10 2.65   2 0.53 J SPADES [A] 285 985   5 1.43   10 2.85 10 SPADES [A] 100 283   25 2.50   13 1.30 J SPADES [B] 145 975   21 3.05   17 2.47 10 SPADES [B] 16 76   246 3.94   27 0.43 8 DIAMONDS [B] 210 1140   33 6.93   9 1.89 J SPADES [C] 150 604   40 6.00   20 3.00 2 CLUBS [D] 300 944   2 0.60   9 2.70 J SPADES [D] 297 737   17 5.05   7 2.08 10 SPADES [D] 175 953   33 5.78   16 2.80                   Mean 194.30 758.80   43.20 3.79   13.00 2.00 Std Dev 94.66 341.52   72.35 2.10   7.21 0.95 N 10 10   10 10   10 10                   Paired t-test                 O30(mins) vs O150(mins) 0.0005909 6.54008E-05     0.15539364     0.5012134 p>0.05 not significant                 p Read More