Some Issues of Anatomy and Physiology - Lab Report Example

1ST4002 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY SPRING SEMESTER P1: RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY REPORT PROFORMA Confine your report solely to the questions below, paying close attention to the length limits. Marks are given against each question (total marks =100). For some questions, you will need to consult textbooks or other reference sources. The report must be word-processed with a minimum of 10 point font size and handed in, online, within TWO weeks of the date on which the second practical is done (i.e. Reports for P1 and P2 are handed in together). The report must represent your own work, and not be written collaboratively. You must also not copy material from the internet, textbooks or elsewhere. NAME ID NUMBER GROUP DATE OF PRACTICAL Jacek Szpiglewski E 21.03.2014 1. Spirometry (i) Recording of height and age:182cm, 78kg, 34 years old The following formulae predict, approximately, two specific lung volumes: (a) FORCED VITAL CAPACITY (FVC). This is defined as the maximum volume of gas that can be expelled from the lungs by forceful effort, following a maximal inspiration. FVC (L) = 0.064xheight - 0.031xage - 5.33 (MEN) = 0.052xheight - 0.018xage - 4.36 (WOMEN) [In both these and the subsequent formulae, height must be expressed in cm, and age in years.] (b) TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY (TLC). This is the total amount of gas contained in the lung at the end of a maximal inspiration. TLC (L) = 0.094xheight - 0.015xage - 9.17 (MEN) = 0.079xheight - 0.008xage - 7.49 (WOMEN) Questions: (a) Give the gender, age and height of your subject using SI units. Calculate FVC and TLC for your subject using the above formulae, remembering to include units. Show your calculations (6 lines maximum; 10 marks). (b) The formulae use data for age and height. Why, in terms of anatomy and physiology, do you think these two variables can be used to predict lung volume? (5 lines maximum; 5 marks) (ii) Microspirometers: (a) Complete the following table with the data obtained in the practical. (10 marks) Units Breath 1 Breath 2 Breath 3 Average FEV1 L 1,72 1,46 2,00 1,73 FVC L 3,18 3,30 3,30 3,26 FER L 054 044 061 053 PEF L 072 075 112 86,33 (b) FER expresses FEV1 as a fraction of FVC. Given this information, why do you think that FER is often used, in preference to the simple variables FEV1 or PEF, when comparing different individuals, or when determining whether an individual’s reading is normal? (5 lines maximum; 5 marks) (c) Compare the estimates of FVC you made by (i) calculation from height and age (ii) using the microspirometer. Suggest possible causes for any differences found. (5 lines maximum; 5 marks) 2. Collection and analysis of expired air (a) Complete the Table provided below, as indicated. Take note of the units specified for each calculation. ROWS 1-3. Enter your recorded data here ROW 4. ‘Minute Volume’ is the volume of air exhaled per minute. Calculate using the data in row 1. ROW 5. ‘Tidal Volume’ is the average volume of each breath. Calculate using data already entered. ROW 6. Calculate the rate of expiration of oxygen using the data in rows 3 and 4. ROW 7. Calculate assuming that (i) the concentration of oxygen in room air is 20.9% and (ii) the minute volume of air inhaled is equal to the minute volume exhaled. ROW 8. Calculate using the data in rows 6 and 7. ROW 9. Calculate by multiplying the data in row 8 with the correction factor supplied (0.874). ROW 10. Calculate using the fact that oxygen consumption (expressed under STPD conditions) is proportional to energy expenditure: 1 L of oxygen consumed is approximately equivalent to an energy expenditure of 20 KJ. (20 marks) Row Variable At rest During exercise 1 Total volume of expired air (L) 49,4 85,4 2 Number of breaths in one minute (=ventilation rate) 16 3 Oxygen concentration in expired air (%) 17,8 14,9 4 Exhaled minute volume ATPS (L min-1) 16,4 28,4 5 Tidal volume ATPS (L) 6 Oxygen exhalation rate ATPS (ml·min-1) 7 Oxygen inhalation rate ATPS (ml·min-1) 8 Oxygen consumption ATPS (ml·min-1) 9 Oxygen consumption STPD (ml·min-1) 10 Energy expenditure (J·min-1) 11. CO2 concentration: 2,88(at rest), 4,64(during exercise) [NOTE: In the above table, volume data has been expressed using the terms ATPS and STPD. ATPS means the gas volume measured under actual laboratory conditions of temperature, pressure and humidity; these may vary from day to day. STPD conditions on the other hand are standardised, and it is necessary to convert ATPS volumes to STPD before carrying out the calculation for energy expenditure in the above table.] (b) How do your values for resting oxygen consumption and energy expenditure compare with “normal values” given in a textbook or other reference source? Suggest possible causes for any differences found. Give your source(s) as “in-text references”, and include the full reference(s) in the list at the end of this report.(8 lines maximum; 10 marks) (c) State the type of exercise your subject undertook. How does your value for energy expenditure during exercise compare with “normal values”, for the same or a similar activity, as given in a textbook or other reference source?Suggest possible causes for any differences found. By how much might energy expenditure increase during maximum exercise? Give your source(s), as “in-text references”, and include the full full reference(s) in the list at the end of this report. (8 lines maximum; 10 marks) (d) In order to calculate energy expenditure, we assumed that oxygen consumption is proportional to energy expenditure. Explain why this is normally true, in terms of the underlying processes by which ATP is produced. Also identify when, in a healthy individual, it might not be correct. (8 lines maximum; 10 marks) (e) Assuming that each g of ATP used in the body requires 60J to synthesise, how much ATP is your subject using (a) each minute during the measurement (b) each day, assuming that average energy expenditure remains the same as that which you measured? Show your calculations, and comment on the figures obtained with reference to the balance between synthesis and breakdown of ATP, and the fact that the body only contains about 50g of ATP. (8 lines maximum; 5 marks) References:Give a minimum of FOUR scientific sources you used to prepare your report, stating which question(s) they were used for. None may be internet-based. Use Harvard style when citing references (see http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/services/sas/library-services/referencing/referencing.cfm (10 marks) Read More