How to Stop Sexual Violence against Refugee Women - Essay Example

Sexual Violence against Refugee Women Introduction Sexual violence on refugee women imposes fear on the victims already immenselyreputed by their displacement. Women are the most susceptible victims of sexual violence. This form of evil is a worldwide predicament. Escaping from a warring country is not a safety guarantee for refugee women. In general, the occurrence of sexual violence results from disrespecting human rights. With sexual violence come pain, trauma, shame, depression, and lack of function in the society (Jenny and Correa-Velez 2010, p.90-110). Furthermore, refugees face many difficult situations since they are in unfamiliar territory in an unstable environment (Nagai, 2008). Female refugees in this position seek political asylum. Refugee and aid agencies should ensure bringing justice to victims and bringing to book the perpetrators of sexual violence (Parrot, & Cummings, 2008). In the face of conflict, there is a disruption of families and women have to protect their families. When families disperse, separations of children from their families occur. In the process of conflict arising, women face sexual abuse from those in power, sexual bartering, and abduction by those in conflict and mass rape. Fleeing women face sexual attacks by bandits, border guards, and pirates. While in the asylum country, they have to endure sexual coercion from locals and those in authority, as well as prostitution for survival (Alfredson 2009, p. 154). Regardless of the age of a victim, sexual violence strips off a woman’s self-worth and dignity. Sexual violence against refugee women in the camps In the refugee camps, the women are at risk and easy target to sexual violence from the military, residents, migration officials, and police. Their vulnerability is because of the dependency created in refugee camps. From a Report on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1998), women are vulnerable because there is no work, or the systems do not ensure that everyone has access to his or her rations. The women are also in danger while escaping heir war-torn countries. They become prey to smugglers and border guards who extort sexual favours from them to allow them entry into the host country. These women do not report the cases to authorities because of the stigma associated with sexual violence and fear of the authorities in power. According to the United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees the following table represents forms of sexual violence, examples and how the sexual violence happens. Type of Act Description/Examples Can be perpetrated by Rape and Marital rape When invading a section of victims body with a sexual organ, or anal or any genital opening of the victim using an object or any other part of the body. This would include by force, in coercion, threatening to use force, in a coercive mood, or when a person is incapable of having a genuine consent (International Criminal Court). Any person in power, authority and control, including husband, intimate partner or caregiver. Child sexual abuse Incest, and defilement Any act where one uses a child for sexual gratification. Any sexual relations/interaction with a child. Someone the child trusts, including parent, sibling, extended family member, friend or stranger, teacher, elder, leader or any other caregiver, anyone in a position of power, authority and control over a child. Forced sodomy Any forced anal coitus, even if male-to-male or male-to-female. A person in a position of power, authority, and control. Attempted rape or attempted forced sodomy Attempted forced/coerced intercourse; no penetration. Any person in a position of power, authority, and control. Sexual abuse Actual or threatened physical intrusion of a sexual nature, including inappropriate touching, by force or under unequal or coercive conditions. Any person in a position of power, authority and control, family/community members, co-workers, including supervisors, strangers. Sexual exploitation Taking advantage of a position of vulnerability, trust between members , the position of power for sexual purposes; It includes instances of profiting either politically, momentarily or socially from exploiting others sexually (IASC); One of the reasons for trafficking people is for sexual exploitations. Anyone in a position of power, influence, control, including humanitarian aid workers, soldiers/officials at checkpoints, teachers, smugglers, trafficking networks. Forced prostitution (aka sexual exploitation) A forced sex trade to gain services, any material resources, or assistance, the target includes very vulnerable people ( especially women and girls who seem not to afford basic necessities for themselves and young ones. Any person in a privileged position, in possession of money or control of material resources and services, perceived as powerful, humanitarian aid workers. Sexual harassment Any kind of irritating, unwelcome, usually repeated and unreciprocated sexual advance, for sexual access or favours, unsolicited sexual attention, innuendo or a form of personal conduct in an intimate manner, showing pornographic literature, anything against working codes, that makes working environment hostile or happens to intimidate the employee. Employers, supervisors or colleagues, any person in a position of power, authority, or control. Sexual violence being a weapon of war, conflict, and torture Crimes against humanity that are of a sexual nature are the likes of sexual slavery, a rape, not agreed upon sterilisation or other methods of preventing birth, abortion, a forced pregnancy, child rearing, delivery among others. Using sexual violence as torture is any threat or acts of a sexual manner whereby severe physical or mental suffering or pain is used to acquire a confession, info or punishment from someone. Often committed, sanctioned and ordered by military, police, armed groups or other parties in conflict. (Women’s Refugee Commission 2009) According to the report, the UNHCR and the government of Tanzania had not come up with programs to counter rape. When victims reported to the authorities, more often than not they had to give bribes to the police for them to investigate. In the long last, the blame was on them for allegedly instigating their rape. Only was there a functional system set up in 1996 by the IRC at o Camp, Tanzania to support victims emotionally and raise awareness about sexual violence. However, the demoralizing and shameful nature of rape makes reporting it hard since most victims suffer in silence. Syria has a had a year long continuing crisis. With the continuing crisis in Syria, many Syrians are moving out of the country to seek safety in the UK, Egypt, Turkey, Lebanon, North Ireland, Iraq and Jordan. The condition of the refugees living in the camps leaves a lot to be desired. The UN officials have repeatedly warned that there is violence that takes place in the camps. In Yarmouk, a refugee camp in Damascus, there are reported in fighting on April 2, 2015. The fighting could easily lead to a massacre as the most vulnerable in the camp remain the women and children (Gladstone & Saad, 2015). The UN faces a lot of challenges that undermine their role in supporting the refugees. The basic challenge is underfunding. For the Syrian situation only, the UN needs $30 million to sustain the crisis. As per 2015, it has only received 21% of the funds needed. With the limited funding, it makes it very difficult for the UN to prevent and manage such occurrences that took place on April, 2. Most of the Syrian refugees have experienced sexual violence during transit and are yet vulnerable in their stay as they seek asylum. A study conducted on 54 women as a part of the Powerful Women’s Project in the UK had the following results: • 57% had experienced gender-based violence in their country of origin • 44% were rape victims • Half had mental health needs and over 20% had acute mental health problems • 33% did not get asylum • More than 20% were destitute • More than 20% had experienced gender-based violence since arriving in the UK. (UNHCR, 2014) Sexual violence happens to women of all ages. Women and girls form almost half of all refugees in the face of conflict. In the face of the Rwandan genocide, approximately half a million of women and girls over three years old underwent rape while seeking refuge in Congo and Liberia. The average of women who presented themselves as victims of rape was 34 years old. Women aged between 25-34 years of age made the largest group of victims of sexual violence, and 8 percent were beelow the age of 18. A larger number of these women seek asylum on very outstanding claims. The following countries made the largest number of victims: Sri Lanka (Tamils): 50% Eritrea: 7% DRC: 6% Ivory Coast: 5% Somalia: 5% The most vulnerable of all women are elderly women, disabled women, torture survivors, unaccompanied adolescent girls, women with children of rape, young women of between the ages of 18-30 years, women who have sired children out of rape, women with HIV/AIDS. According to a report in 2008 in the DRC, the United Nations Population Fund found out there was 16,000 women and girls who had gone through sexual violence (Cultural Orientation Resource Center, 2014). These women face marginalization and discrimination in the host country as they face extreme financial hardship. For example, unaccompanied girls either leave alone or have to take care of their younger siblings. Some of these vulnerable girls have to give sex if only to survive despite having to deal with the grief of losing their guardians. They have to assume the parental role of their younger siblings. The UNHCR has come up with appropriate response mechanisms that include health care, support and strtegies to ensure the safety of the victims/survivors and an assurance of legal redress. They have also revised their Guidelines for Prevention and Response on Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons (2003). UNHCR seeks to promote gender equality and safeguard their impartial access to protection and assistance. They ensure that facilities in refugee camps are safe and properly separated for men and women. They entrench access to public areas, and facilities are safe from any form of sexual violence. Numerous cases of sexual violence against refugee women and girls go unreported. The underreporting of sexual violence incidences results from the stigmatization associated with it. In other cultures, the family uses virginity to uphold its honour. On reporting, the family and the woman who has had to face the sexual violence face shunning from the community. In other communities, the woman receives the punishment because they deem her as the culprit who initiated the act. In adverse cases, the woman faces further attacks by the sexual offender. Women also have personal discomforts with the subject, which prevents them from reporting. Further, in some scenarios language is a barrier to communication between the victim and the officials. There was a research conducted in Guinea by ARC in Kissidougou Town and Albadariah Camps to find out why victims do not seek help, the study yielded to the results below: Would stop them Factor Total Camp Kissi P value* Shame about the rape 46.9% 49.1% 29.2% .00004 Fear of revenge by perpetrator 41.7% 49.2% 32.5% .03 Wanting to keep issue private 40.8% 42.1% 30.8% .02 Fear of rejection 36.4% 36.7% 34.2% .59 Don’t want perpetrator to go to jail 26.1% 27.0% 18.3% .04 *Italicized values are statistically significant (UN Women, 2012) In this study, shame was the major reason women did not report sexual violence to authorities. Sexual violence on refugee women has adverse effects on their social, physical, and psychological well-being. Forms of reaction differ concerning prior sexual experience, age, personality, cultural background and the available support network if any. The physical effects include sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy, abortion, and mutilation of genitals. Every victim of sexual violence regardless of the environment has to face psychological trauma. They have emotional and physical pain, and they have feelings of terror(Bass et al. 2013 p. 23). In the worst case, scenario victims are suicidal or face severe mental depression (Garcia and Rossler 2013). More often than not, they face many difficulties reintegrating back to their normal livelihood. Various circumstances lead to the occurrence of sexual violence on refugee women. In war-torn regions, sexual violence portrays a political motive or as an imagery for dominance. In other countries, culture backs the impunity of sexual violence (Carpenter 2006, p. 83-103). While at the camps, women are the most vulnerable in the case of an attack by the locals. Male disrespectful attitude towards women also may lead to acts of sexual violence. The loss of manliness in a refugee camp setting causes emotional strain resulting in aggressive behaviour towards women. Depression and stress lead to abuse of drugs that will more often than not cause sexual abuse of women. Refugee women are powerless and vulnerable to any danger that might be. Fundamentally, the notion that they are vulnerable and powerless comes from the fact that they are away from their country and therefore not protected. Young girls are vulnerable in the case of foster placement. The families lack proper screening or monitoring systems to ensure the safety and protection of these young girls. Women without proper identification are prey to sexual exploitation (Parrot and Cummings 2008, p.78). In most settings, the male member of the family gets an identification on behalf of the whole family. Frequently, the responsibility of distributing food rations and other amenities is on the men. The allocation creates an avenue for sexual exploitation. The location of a refugee camp plays a major role in determining the chances of sexual violence (Terry and Hoare 2007, p.88). If a camp’s geographical location is in an insecure area, then women will undoubtedly face sexual violence. Most refugee camps are usually too overcrowded for any personal space, and gender has little to no standing when it comes to privacy. Facilities designed poorly may create potential areas for attacks on women if their location is a distance from the refugee camps. Most camps do not have adequate lighting or have no form of lighting at all. There is a general atmosphere of lawlessness in most refugee camps, and thus perpetrators of sexual violence understand that they can escape without punishment. The mandate of the United Nations’ refugee agency, UNHCR is to provide international protection to refugees. It performs this role with the help of the countries hosting refugees. According to research, during the war in Bosnia there was a rape of about 20,000 women. Others countries that record mass rape include Cambodia, Liberia, Peru, Somalia, and Uganda. According to a survey in Sierra Leone, 94 % of households had reports of some of sexual violence. The problem of sexual violence to refugees is a global concern. UNHCR reported in their Global Needs Assessment that the main concern for refugee women is documentation. The lack of papers limits most women in so many aspects in terms of movement, education, protection, and employment. According to a 2008 UNHCR survey, in Ecuador there were 130,000 individuals living in refugee-like situations. Most people are unregistered because they are too scared to come forward. Others do not they have a right to seek asylum while other women who are heads of households are not in a position to access a registration office. Women and young girls without documentation are prone to sexual exploitation and violence. Without documents, it means that women and girls have no access to state services and vulnerability, as they are obliged to formulate other means of accessing food and accommodation. According to Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everyone is entitled protection by the Declaration. Without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or another status. The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women further explains the meaning of sexual violence and the role of a country in protecting women and bringing to justice the perpetrators of these heinous crimes. Sexual violence on women has roots in discrimination on the grounds of sexual identity, age, race, and ethnicity. Role of NGOs and UNs and governments Prevention is the best strategy for combating sexual violence. The most efficient way of doing this is through the involvement of the refugee community and the refugee workers as well. Additionally, the local authorities play a crucial role in enhancing protection against sexual violence. In the case of the location of refugee camps, the design and location should enhance the security of women refugees. The involved authorities should ensure that camps away from the proximity of the border of the war-torn country to ensure safety. Unaccompanied women and girls need special accommodation arrangements. Unrelated should not share communal sleeping and living space. The relevant bodies should ensure that women have protective materials for personal protection. Alternatively, another option for staying in camps for long periods ensures reduced lawlessness. The relevant government authorities, police, UNHCR, and NGOs, as well as the military, should hold meetings with the refugees to combat sexual violence. During these discussions, women representatives should speak out freely of the issues affecting the women in the camp. In combating male dominance, the system of distribution of resources should ensure equal distribution. Women should have direct access to female staff in the facilities (Elliot & Segal, 2012). The local community needs awareness of the refugee situation in their locale to avoid tension and friction. Local governments have a mandate to investigate, prosecute and punish sex offenders. Individuals within their territory have the fundamental right to personal security. They should provide non-discriminatory remedies for combating incidences of sexual abuse to individuals despite their origin. The local government should enact and enforce national laws against all forms of sexual violence according to international standards. The national women organizations in the host country can also play a crucial role in fighting sexual violence on refugees. The local authorities should facilitate investigation of sexual crimes against refugees without any form of discrimination. The victims and any witnesses should have protection against reprisals from the perpetrators of sexual violence. The host government should also allow humanitarian aid to give aid to refugees who are not in camps so that here is a reduction in the vulnerability of women and girls. They should also strengthen laws that allow sex offenders to inoculated and brought to book. They should also establish and implement a training program on sexual violence for both the local community and the community. Sufficient allocation of security personnel in refugee camps should help in combating the atrocities of sexual crimes against refugee women in the host country. The government should play a major role in promoting women leadership to ensure the meeting of needs of women in the refugee camps (Binaifer, 2008). The humanitarian agencies should ensure that all partners involved in implementing prevention of sexual violence adhere to Guidelines for Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings. They should also involve men and women in discussions to come up with ways of combating the marginalization of women that is the major factor contributing to sexual violence. They should devise strategies to empower women economically through the provision of micro credit facilities (IRC 2013). They can also contribute by providing information on the process of taking action against sexual assault and reduce the processes involved in getting justice for victims. Identify that disabled women and girls as vulnerable to much greater risks and provide them with alternatives. They should also encourage small market economies that allow men and women to become busy with some form of activity therefore eliminating idleness and boredom. UN agencies, NGOs, and other related organizations advocate for better cooking technology to reduce sexual violence. As an example in 2010, the then deputy of State in the USA launched a Global Alliance for Clean Cook Stoves. The initiative main aim was to produce fuel-efficient stoves thus combating the security risk faced by female refugees (US Department of State, 2011). In Darfur, women are crucial to the economy since they travel a long distance to fetch firewood and grass for sale. The situation illuminates the connection between fuelwood and sexual violence. When women leave camps, they become vulnerable while in transit. Sexual violence has received increased attention from relevant agencies such as the UN since the 1990s. The UN created ad hoc tribunals to try war crimes in formerly warring countries such as Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. Both countries used sexual violence as a tool of war. They formed the precedents in the prosecution of rape used as a war crime and as crimes against humanity at an international level (Chelala 1998). During this period, the Tribunal enabled inclusion of Statutes concerning sexual violence. (UN Security Council Report 2002, 4). The embracement of United Nations Security Council (UN SC) Resolution 1325 associated for the first time issues of women, war and conflict resolution with the United Nations Security Council. It marked the end of the silence of the international community about sexual violence on refugee women. Young girls face harmful reproductive health risks in the occurrence of sexual violence because their bodies have not fully matured. In girls between the ages of 15-19, girls are at twice the risk of having pregnancy-related deaths and girls aged 10-14 years have five times the chances of dying due to pregnancy complications. Infant mortality has sixty per cent much higher occurrence when a mother is below the age of 18. Pregnant women during flight are at a high risk of having complications due to lack of medical help in transit. A war brings about the abduction of girls into rape camps, and a girl’s release is too late such that abortion is not an option thus a shunned child is born. The role of UN agencies and humanitarian agencies is to ensure safety for women and girls displaced by war. It is crucial for a sexual assault survivor to access medical help before the end of 72 hours to ensure there is no transmission of HIV/AIDS. The UN, host government, and NGOs can do this through upholding mobile service delivery with the inclusion of areas in the proximity of the camps and urban centres. They should also create safe facilities and areas specifically designated for women. Their other priority should focus on providing comprehensive, accessible health services and ensuring that medical facilities have female staffs who understand the dynamics of handling sexual assault survivors. They must also equip women with legal counselling and advice for sexual assault victims (Alfredson, 2009). The UNHCR, host governments, and NGOs should track and evaluate systems in place for the prevention of sexual violence. They can make sure that aid agencies adopt systems train staff on the provision of support and services on sexual abuse, ensuring that there are multipronged mechanisms on the reporting of sexual violence claims. Also dissemination of information on available systems of reporting sexual assault claims, and incorporating involvement of local communities in combating sexual violence. In the needs assessment of these projects, the agencies must include women’s voices and opinions on their protection. The programs should mainly focus on responding the experience of victims of sexual violence. They should also include enriching young women and girls with life skills that allow them to earn a living. The unfortunate ideals of sexual violence are that it lingers later on even after the war is over. Unfortunate to the victims, the perpetrators of these crimes go unpunished. The trauma of sexual violence is irreversible, and when there are no appropriate guidelines in the healing the physical and emotional wounds inflicted on victims, they cannot go back to normal functioning into the community. However, the only solution in bringing to the end sexual violence on women and girls is by ending the conflict back at home (Heineman and Heineman 2011, p.123). The most unfortunate part of a war, combatants also recruit young girls as child soldiers. Girls have it worse than boys do because they become sexual objects as well. The main perpetrators of sexual violence are men with ammunitions. However, civilian also become perpetrators of sexual violence (Johannes 2007, p.154). In a study of 440 child survivors of sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 81% of the perpetrators were civilians. The survivor’s family knew 74% of the civilians (Kalysya 2011, p.345). Humanitarian aid forces and peacekeepers also conduct sexual violence. These are the very people that the women and young girls look up to for assistance and safety. The involvement of these people in perpetrating sexual violence normalizes the act in communities already trying to deal with traumatic experiences and the disconnectedness of war. Conclusion Putting an end to sexual violence against refugee women and girls requires efforts from the victims, NGOs, host governments, donors, and humanitarian actors. The host government should encourage women to report all cases of sexual abuse by strengthening their legal systems. This goes a long way in ensuring that women refugees feel supported and recognized. Increased funding is crucial to ensuring the safety of these women. This made possible by funding programs that cater for survivor’s needs. Additionally, integrating refugee women into local communities improves the host country’s economy. Educating women and their involvement in economic activities play a significant role in decreasing violence (Women’s Refugee Commission 2009). Apart from that, the UN should play its mandate of preventing world violence. The instances of violence in the Syrian region has spread through out the Arab front. Such cases disrupt world peace as it encourages other people in parts of the world to go to war. From the examples given above, the plight of the refugee women is the same all around the world. In addition, women should not be afraid to speak out when faced with sexual violence as silence encourages the behaviour (Jones, 2013). Reference List Alfredson, L. S. (2009). Creating human rights how noncitizens made sex persecution matter to the world. 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