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Tesco’s management takes pride in their ability to respond to the prevailing needs of the market through lowered prices, newly introduced cheaper substitutes for essential products and improved promotions. Tesco’s core strengths – namely, “selling food and everyday essentials, owning our own property and having a broad business base” – have significantly boosted its resilience.
It is the number of years required until the accumulated cash inflows will equal the amount of the initial investment. The exact payback period is Payback = Year before full recovery + (Unrecovered Cost at the start of Year/Cash Flow during the Year). If the capital is recovered within the shortest time, then this is good for the company (Brigham et al 1999).
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Companies in almost all industries have ended up having transactions with parties located beyond the borders of their respective countries. The marine industry is among those affected by these trends. The companies therein presently source their equipment and tools from offshore suppliers that offer better quality or more competitive prices.
The author states that financial reporting refers to the disclosure of the company’s financial and operational information in order to provide the users with a clear and accurate picture of the actual performance and worth of the company. Although every business is different in some respect from the other.
Companies need to assess their cash flow which is the net of receipts and payments. Cash flow statements provide a summary of actual or anticipated cash flows under three categories of business activities including operating, investment and financing activities over a period of time. Investors and lenders evaluate companies’ financial performance.
In general, over the past 1 year, the company has been delivering strong healthier returns to the shareholders and now the earnings have leaped up to 6% that constitutes repurchases of almost $7.3 billion particularly in shares and dividends. The company had been concentrating on its ROI consistently.
The assumption on the variable cost of wages which is 15% of the total revenue is off the mark. The month of September has a negative variance which means that the wage expense is under-budget. The months of October and November, on the other hand, have a positive variance. This may indicate that wages have a mix of variable and fixed costs.
Globalization refers to the economic integration of goods, services, and financial markets to offer opportunities for governments, businesses, and individuals. Businesses do not only have operations in various countries of the world but need to have bases in them to be able to remain competitive. Integration has given way to opportunities for competition.
The main objective underlying this technique is to decompose the portfolio into different asset classes. Assets can be classified in terms of country-specific stocks as the levels of systematic risks vary from one country to another. In a Hot Spots report, the company usually provides two numbers corresponding to each asset class in its portfolio.
The author states that one of the businesses that were made possible by globalization is the outsourcing business. Companies or businesses actually profit from outsourcing, this is also rather one way for companies and businesses to cut off on their expenses on production, manpower, and technology by getting or acquiring the services.
The author states that the massive destruction of jobs is fueling a downward spiral, in which unemployment depresses consumer spending, retail sales, and business investment, which in turn lead to further layoffs. Unemployment jeopardizes “private-sector earnings and personal income which spell disaster for state and local budgets”.
The choice of determining the optimal mix of components of the capital structure is a very complex process and involves a number of different considerations. A number of different views of the capital structures need to be considered like the net corporate or personal tax, agency costs, bankruptcy cost, and pecking order.
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The proposed research will adopt an exploratory as well as an analytical approach. To examine the impact of the monetary and financial policies of the Central Bank on the performance of the domestic banks of the nation in terms of its capacity in financial intermediation, payment services, ownership issues, etc.
People work hard all his life to live better. The definition of better living can vary from person to person. For some it might be the social status, for others, it might be holidaying at world-famous sites or partying with near and dear ones. The one common thing among all the options is that to experience one or the other, the person needs money.
The New Scottish Parliament Building Project, executed as part of the Scottish Devolution Plan of 1997 was set to open against a deadline period of the new millennium in 2000. The construction of this landmark building was fated to pass through a sequence of events steeped in controversy which resulted in the building being opened three years behind schedule at a cost of around £431 million.
Such perfect arbitrage will ensure that price of a specific good when converted through the exchange rate will be the same in each of the two countries. These propositions refer to “The Law of One Price” (Loop). PPP Theory argues that Loop holds for all goods, and the price and exchange rates will adjust in a definite way (Baillie, R & McMahon, P, 1990).
The author states that there are certain areas where Pepsi should pay attention to like in the area of working capital, net profit margin, reduction in revenue expenditures on a consistent basis and assist in increasing its investor’s confidence towards the organization. The directors of Pepsi keenly practice the corporate governance affairs
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The present study aims to define the significance of the tax havens in the growth and development of an economy. It also elaborates on the criteria for the classification of different regions working as tax havens or offshore financial centers in various parts of the globe. The study also examines the use of tax havens by multinational corporations.
The discount rates on three-month and six-month Treasury bills reflect that the bills sell for less than face value. For a $10,000 bill, the three-month price was $9,995.96, while a six-month bill sold for $9,985.34. That would equal an annualized rate of 0.162 percent for the three-month bills, and 0.294 percent for the six-month bills.
The author states that examples of money laundering may be seen in the activities of individuals like Sani Abacha and Raul Salinas. Sani Abacha was the late dictator of Nigeria, who was able to divert $1.6 billion of the Nigerian taxpayers’ money that was looted from them into large banks in the U.K. and Switzerland.
Firstly overproduction gets pilled up into the inventory thereby increasing the inventory holding costs. Secondly, excessive or unplanned production often results in the exhaustion of the mine. That means the ore is being mined out without any necessity.
Two international organizations of significance emerged along with the United Nations, after the Bretton Woods conference in 1944. These were the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for reconstruction (IBRD). The prime objective of setting up these institutions was to ensure global financial security and to provide development aid to the needy countries.
Based on these arguments, this report ascertains the subsequent effects of budgeting on management control systems and what advantages and disadvantages they bring to the implementing organization. It ascertains whether the given statement at hand has been vindicated by the conducted study or it remains unproven (Abernethy et al, 1999).
Accounting standards conflict with the decision-making process of the company and may cause hindrance in the smooth data flow. So, the IASB should look at the problems that various companies are facing in adopting these accounting standards and should try to develop more pragmatic accounting standards by involving people in the development process who are more close to these companies.
Managerial decision making is tangled with information generated by the accounting system employed by a company. Cost Accounting has long been the only method of generating data for Management Accounting purposes. It is almost a hundred years since Cost Accounting was first utilized by finance professionals to provide data.
Even firms with no debt can go bankrupt if they are unable to pay salaries to their employees, or they do not have enough working capital for their operations. The bankruptcy of a company can have far-reaching implications for its creditors, suppliers, Government, and all other stakeholders related to it.
Money management is the practice through which a person keeps the focus on the manner in which money is spent. It is important in ensuring that money is spent wisely in order to avoid the problems of bankruptcy, debts and profligate spending. It involves developing a plan on how to spend the available money to satisfy all personal needs.
Whenever a tax is imposed it has normally a direct negative effect on the economy as well as on the individuals (only except the case of externality). But taxation is required mainly to finance the public expenditure which is intended to secure national welfare and equality. So tax should be chosen on a cost-benefit analysis.
The use of fair value as opposed to the historical cost accounting has always been quite a controversial choice. In this case, the use of fair value would prove to be more beneficial when compared to historical cost accounting. In the time of a credit problem and a troubled economy, the use of fair value is one that is most beneficial.
The governments started to release some effective packages in order to save their financial systems. The investors became frightened by the abrupt decline in the stock market, which reduces their investments in the market.
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Behavioral finance seeks to investigate the seemingly irrational behavior of the individual investors in the markets that runs contrary to the theory of an efficient market. Individual investors are supposed to trade only when the incremental cost is exceeded by the incremental benefit to be realized.
Fixed costs are almost dead costs unless there is an opportunity cost attached to them as they are incurred irrespective of the volume of production and sales. In fact, instead of fixed costs, if the opportunity cost is measured as in the case of valuing economic profit, the profit figures would be more realistic. (Anonymous, 2004).
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The Coca-Cola Company has been operating internationally for over a century and has seen rapid growth in its business since it started. The company has introduced many innovative carbonated and non-fizzy drinks to add to their numerous products, which have been well received by consumers, including the Vanilla Coke and Coke Zero.
The annual report of Aviva for the year 2008 shows its consistent performance even in the turbulent market environment. When the economic recession has attacked many firms, Aviva has been able to strongly survive in this unstable economic condition of the domestic as well as the international market.
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A good accounting system will help prevent unsuspected surprises and provide knowledge on how to capitalize on opportunities. Many companies run with pencil-and-paper accounting systems, and some use home-grown record-keeping systems that may use a variety of computer programs. The results can be used for the company’s success.
Those assets set aside for the purpose of securitization are initially disposed to SPV and this helps in isolating a borrower from having a chance to place any repayment claims. Subsequently, the SPV issues debt instruments or bonds, and then it utilizes the amount of money raised by the way of issuance of debt securities so as to pay for the assets of the ultimate borrower.
Behavioral finance has become one of the disciplines of great interest to investment firms, wealth management professionals and those interested in the stock market performance. Behavioural Finance is commonly understood as the application of the psychological aspects of investors to financial planning and investment decision making.
Deflation is said to occur when the general price level falls continuously. This might result in postponed demand by consumers. It is actually difficult to break this jinx since this has a lot to do with the mindset of the consumers. As a result of this, companies can see their sales drop and costs remaining the same, profits will drop as a consequence.
The liquidator needs to take into account the reservation of title clause with which the company purchased raw material from Synthetic Polymers. in both cases, it can be seen that all factors and details have been thoroughly provided for by the Company Act, which can be used effectively in determining the liquidation of Imitation Furs plc.
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Accounting package or software is basically application software which is able to record, process and account transactions within any accounting scenario such as receivable accounts, payable accounts or even payroll. Such software may be developed in in-house settings or be purchased from a third party.
It is quite essential to state that if Telton plans to enter the export market, it will have to take care of a number of formalities, information about which is available in several governments hosted internet sites. The company will have to ensure that it is not adversely affected by exchange rate fluctuations.
The term structure of fixed income securities indicates the relationship between different bonds having different maturities. It is usually depicted through a yield curve which indicates the relationship between the interest rates on the fixed income security against their terms. The longer the term of the interest rates, the higher the interest rates will be.
Organization should have own strategic goals for pricing – like prices will never be quoted in such a way that the revenues from the product will be less than 10% above the break-even pertaining to the business of that product OR under any circumstances no product shall be allowed to incur losses to the extent that the overall revenues of all products.
According to the paper Arthur Andersen LLP, one of the five famous accounting firms lasted in business from 1913 to the end-of August 2002. The downfall of the firm was brought about by collective effects of, a number of clients going bankrup and ensuing doubts about the credibility of the relevant audits conducted by the Arthur Andersen LLP.
The net effect of monetary expansion under the model assuming floating exchange rates and perfect capital mobility is that it causes an increase in both incomes (or output) and net exports, but causes a decline in the exchange rate. Under a fixed exchange rate regime however, monetary policy is completely irrelevant.
This report is a comprehensive analysis of the corporate finance system of Vodafone. The analytics presented here is based on the published information by Vodafone on their corporate website and independent market information about the organization from global financial analysis organizations.
The present form of online banking finds its roots in the pioneering initiative launched by four of the major banks of New York, Citibank, Chemical Bank, Chase Manhattan, and Manufacturers Hanover bank. These banks simultaneously, yet individually, offered home banking services that allowed bank customers to maintain records and carry out transactions without leaving the comforts of their home.
The framework of an FS should have objective and qualitative characteristics to make the information useful to the intended user. The FS should be understandable, relevant, reliable, timely, and comparable, being the basis of a general-purpose that could be presented to a wide range of users as a basis of decisions, and as a guide to the enterprise itself.
The same problem in accounting standards for leases is echoed in the United States. The U. S. Financial Accounting Standards Board or FASB had come up with many accounting standards and interpretations related to leases. Yet, according to an article in Business Week, leases have become “one of the most convoluted areas of off-balance-sheet accounting”.
The utilization of each of these frameworks affects the information contained within them. This proposal studies the effect of the different financial frameworks on the information contained within the financial statements. The paper includes an analysis of the financial statements of Merrill Lynch and Investec.